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Add .NET 8 notes (#39)
* feat(dotnet): dotnet 8 any type alias * feat(dotnet): lamda default parameters * feat(dotnet): rework class declaration notes * fix(dotnet): remove duplicate notes * feat(csharp): add improved collection initializers notes
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1 changed files with 103 additions and 56 deletions
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@ -40,23 +40,26 @@ to native code later.
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| Event, Enum, Enum Value, | PascalCase |
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| Variables, Parameters | camelCase |
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### Namespaces & Imports
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### Namespaces, Imports & Aliases
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Hierarchic organization of programs an libraries.
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```cs linenums="1"
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using System; // import the System Namespace
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using Alias = Namespace; // set an alias for a specific namespace
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using static System.Console; // statically import a class to use its static methods w/o qualification
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// type aliases
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using Alias = Namespace.SubNamespace.Type;
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using LookupTable = Dictionary<string, string>;
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using Points = (int, int, int)[];
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// global using [C# 10], should be in dedicated file
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global using <namespace>;
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namespace Namespace; // [C# 10]
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//or
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namespace Namespace // namespace declaration
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namespace Namespace
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{
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// class here
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}
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```
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@ -788,7 +791,7 @@ Both of these are designed primarily for code generation scenarios, although the
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| --------- | ---------------------- |
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| x `+=` y | x = x + y |
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| x `-=` y | x = x - y |
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| x `*=` y | x = x \* y |
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| x `*=` y | x = x * y |
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| x `/=` y | x = x / y |
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| x `%=` y | x = x % y |
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| x `<<=` y | x = x << y |
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@ -1419,63 +1422,66 @@ If any part is declared abstract, then the whole type is considered abstract.
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If any part is declared sealed, then the whole type is considered sealed.
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If any part declares a base type, then the whole type inherits that class.
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### Class Declaration
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### Methods
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```cs linenums="1"
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class Class
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{
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static Type Method(Type Argument, ...) {} // static method, can operate ONLY on STATIC VARIABLES
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Type Method(Type Argument, ...) {} // instance method, can operate on INSTANCE VARIABLES
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// override inherited method
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public override Type Method()
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{
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}
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// visrual methods CAN be overridden
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public virtual Type Method()
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{
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}
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}```
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### Constructors
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```cs
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class Class(Type Parameter, ...) // primary constructor (like records)
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{
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public Class() { } // parameterless constructor
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// standard constructor
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public Class(type parameter)
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{
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_field = field;
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}
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// extends an existing constructor adding parameters to the existing ones
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public Class(type parameter, type other) : this(parameter)
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{
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_other = other;
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}
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}
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```
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> **Note**: if a _primary constructor_ is used all other constructors must use `this(...)` to invoke it
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### Properties & Fields
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[Properties Docs](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/programming-guide/classes-and-structs/properties)
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A _field_ is a variable of any type that is declared directly in a class or struct. Fields are members of their containing type.
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A _property_ is a member that provides a flexible mechanism to read, write, or compute the value of a private field.
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The `static` keyword declares that a member is not associated with any particular instance of the class.
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```cs linenums="1"
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class Class
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{
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// if static contractor exists the initializer is runned immediately before the static constructor,
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// otherwise is will run no later than the first access to one on the type's fields or methods
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public static type Field = value; // static (non-instance) public field w/ initializer
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// runs before instance's constructor
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private type _field = value; // private instance field w/ initializer
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public static Type Field = value; // static (non-instance) public field w/ initializer
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private type _field; // private instance field, initialized by constructor
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private Type _field = value; // private instance field w/ initializer
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private Type _field; // private instance field, initialized by constructor
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// static constructor, not called explicitly, has no arguments
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// triggered by one of two events, whichever occurs first: creating an instance, or accessing any static member of the class.
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// since it's static and takes no arguments there can be at most one for each class
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static Class() {
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// place to init static fields
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}
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public Class() { /* ... */} // parameterless constructor
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// class constructor
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public Class(type parameter) {
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_field = parameter;
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}
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// extends an existing constructor adding parameters to the existing ones
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public Class(type anotherParameter, type parameter) : this(parameter)
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{
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this._anotherField = anotherParameter;
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}
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// called by Console.WriteLine(obj)
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public override string ToString(){
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return <string>
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}
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static type Method(arguments) {} // static method, can operate on STATIC VARIABLES
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type Method(arguments) {} // instance method, can ONLY operate on INSTANCE VARIABLES
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}
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```
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### Properties
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[Properties Docs](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/programming-guide/classes-and-structs/properties)
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```cs linenums="1"
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class Class
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{
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private type _backingField;
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// PROPERTY
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@ -1587,18 +1593,59 @@ var identity = new Matrix
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};
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List<int> digits = new List<int> { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 };
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List<int> digits = [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ];
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int[] digits = new int[] { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 };
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int[] digits = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 };
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int[] digits = [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ];
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Dictionary<int, string> digits = new Dictionary<int, string> {
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{ 0, "zero" },
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{ 1, "one" },
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{ 2, "two" },
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{ 3, "three" },
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{ 4, "four" },
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{ 5, "five" },
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{ 6, "six" },
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{ 7, "seven" },
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{ 8, "eight" },
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{ 9, "nine" }
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};
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Dictionary<int, string> digits = [
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0: "zero",
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1: "one",
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2: "two",
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3: "three",
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4: "four",
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5: "five",
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6: "six",
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7: "seven",
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8: "eight",
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9: "nine"
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];
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```
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### `Static` Class
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The `static` keyword declares that a member is not associated with any particular instance of the class.
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Static classes **can't** instantiate objects and all their methods **must** be static.
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```cs linenums="1"
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static class Class
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{
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static type variable = value;
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// static constructor, not called explicitly, has no arguments
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// triggered by one of two events, whichever occurs first: creating an instance, or accessing any static member of the class.
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// since it's static and takes no arguments there can be at most one for each class
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static Class()
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{
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}
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static type method (type parameter, ...)
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static Type _field = value;
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static Type Property { get; set; } = value;
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static Type Method (Type parameter, ...)
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{
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}
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}
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@ -2212,13 +2259,14 @@ Delegate<Type> lambda = (Type input) => <expr>;
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Delegate<Type> lambda = input => { return <expr>; };
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Delegate<Type> lambda = (input) => { return <expr>; };
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Delegate<Type> lambda = (Type input) => { return <expr>; };
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Delegate<Type> lambda = (Type input = default) => { return <expr>; }; // lambda default parameter
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// static modifier prevents unintentional capture of local variables or instance state by the lambda
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Delegate<Type> lambda = (static Type input) => <expr>;
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Type variable = delegate { <expression>; }; // ignore arguments of the method passed to the delegate
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// lambda type inference [C# 10]
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// lambda type inference
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var f = Console.WriteLine;
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var f = x => x; // inferring the return type
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var f = (string x) => x; // inferring the signature
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@ -2972,7 +3020,6 @@ unsafe
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[ptr_math]: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/language-reference/language-specification/unsafe-code#pointer-arithmetic
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[ptr_comparison]: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/language-reference/language-specification/unsafe-code#pointer-comparison
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[stack_alloc]: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/language-reference/language-specification/unsafe-code#stack-allocation
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[fixed_buffers]: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/language-reference/language-specification/unsafe-code#fixed-size-buffers
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### Native Memory
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