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docs: git: move under vcs folder
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docs/misc/vcs/git.md
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docs/misc/vcs/git.md
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# [Git][git]
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Git is a free and open source distributed [version control system][vcs] designed to handle everything from small to very large projects with speed and efficiency.
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## Terminology
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**Repository**: collection of files (blobs) and directories (trees) managed by git
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**Commit**: snapshot of the entire repository and its metadata
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**Head**: pointer to the current commit
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**Branch**: timeline or collection of consecutive commits
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**Remote**: remote shared repository in which changes as synced
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**Working Tree**: current version of the repository on disk
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**Index (Staging Area)**: collection of changes not yet committed
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**Stash**: collection of pseudo-commits not belonging to a specific branch
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## Commands
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### Managing Configs
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There are three git config sources/scopes:
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1. **system**: defined in git's installation folder and managed with `--system`
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2. **global**: defined in `$HOME/.gitconfig` or `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/config` and managed with `--global`
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3. **local**: defined in `.git/config` and managed with `--local`
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The applied config in each repository is the combination of all three scopes in order.
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`git config [--<scope>] <key> <value>`: set git config key-value pair
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`git config [--<scope>] --unset <key>`: unset git config key-value pair
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`git config [--<scope>] --list`: list git config key-value pairs
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### Tracking Files & Making Changes
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`git status`: shows the status of changes as untracked, modified, or staged
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`git add <files>`: add files contents to the staging area
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`git add -u|--update <files>`: stage changes but ignore untracked files
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`git add -p|--patch <files>`: interactively stage chunks of files
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`git restore .`: discard uncommitted changes
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`git restore <file>`: discard uncommitted changes to file
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`git restore --staged`: discard changes made to a file
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`git restore --staged --worktree`: unstage and discard changes made to a file
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`git restore -p|--patch`: interactively unstage chunks of files
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`git commit`: save the snapshot to the project history
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`git commit -m|--message "message"`: commit and provide a message
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`git commit -a|--all`: automatically notice any modified (but not new) files and commit
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`git commit -v|--verbose`: show unified diff between the HEAD commit and what would be committed
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`git commit --amend`: modify latest commit with the new changes
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`git commit --no-verify`: commit without executing hooks
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`git commit --fixup <commit>`: mark commit as correction to another
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`git commit -s|--signoff`: Add a `Signed-off-by` trailer by the committer at the end of the commit log message
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### Managing Stashes
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`git stash [push] [-m|--message]`: add all changes to the stash (and provide message)
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`git stash [push] -k|--keep-index`: create a stash but leave files as they are
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`git stash list` list all stashes
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`git stash show [<stash>]`: show changes in the stash
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`git stash pop`: restore last stash
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`git stash drop [<stash>]`: remove a stash from the list
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`git stash clear`: remove all stashes
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### Managing Remotes
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`git remote`: list remotes
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`git remote -v|--verbose`: list remotes names and URLs
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`git remote show <remote>`: inspect the remote
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`git remote add <remote> <url | path>`: add a remote
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`git remote remove <remote>`: remove the specified remote
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`git remote rename <old_name> <new_name>`: rename a remote
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`git remote set-url <name> <url>`: change the URL for the remote
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`git remote set-url --add <name> <url>`: add another URL for the remote
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`git remote set-url --add --push <name> <url>`: add another push URL for the remote
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`git remote set-url <name> <url>`: change the URL for rhe remote
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`git branch -u|--set-upstream-to=<remote>/<remote branch>`: set up correspondence between local and remote branch
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`git push`: send objects to default remote on current branch
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`git push <remote> <branch>`: send objects to remote
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`git push <remote> <local branch>:<remote branch>`: send objects to remote, and update remote reference
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`git push -f|--force`: overwrite remote with local version
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`git push --force-with-lease`: overwrite remote with local version if remote has not been modified
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`git push --force-with-lease --force-if--includes`: will verify if updates from the remote that may have been implicitly updated in the background are integrated locally before allowing a forced update
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`git fetch [<remote>]`: retrieve objects/references from a remote
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`git pull`: incorporate remote changes by merging, same as `git fetch; git merge`
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`git pull --rebase`: incorporate remote changes by rebasing
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`git pull --ff`: fast-forward (only update branch tip) remote changes, merge if not possible
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`git pull --ff-only`: fast-forward (only update branch tip) remote changes, error if not possible
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`git fetch|pull -p|--prune`: remove any remote-tracking references that no longer exist on the remote
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`git fetch|pull -t|--tags`: retrieve all tags from the remote
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`git clone <url> [<folder_name>]`: download repository and repo history from remote
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`git clone --shallow`: clone only repo files, not history of commits
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`git clone --depth <depth>`: clone only last `<depth>` commits
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> **Note**: for a in depth explanation of `--force-if-includes` see [this][force-if-includes]
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### Viewing Project History
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`git log [<rev>]`: show history of changes
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`git log -p|--patch`: show history of changes and complete differences
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`git log --stat --summary`: show overview of the change
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`git log --follow <file>`: list version history fo file, including renames
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`git log --all --graph --decorate`: visualizes history as a DAG
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`git log --oneline`: compact log
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`git log -S<string>`: Look for diffs that change the number of occurrences of the specified `<string>`
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`git log -G<regex>`: Look for diffs whose patch text contains added/removed lines that match `<regex>`
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`git log -L <start>,<end>:<file>`: Trace the evolution of the line range given by `<start>,<end>`, within the `<file>`
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`git log -L /<regex>/:<file>`: Trace the evolution of the line range given by the function name regex `<regex>`, within the `<file>`
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`git shortlog`: list commits by author
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`git reflog [<rev>]`: show record of when the tips of branches and other references were updated in the local repository
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`git show <commit>`: show commit metadata and content
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`git show --stat <commit>`: show number of changes in commit
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`git blame <file>`: show who last edited which line
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`git blame -L <start>,<end> -- <file>`: Annotate only the line range given by `<start>,<end>`, within the `<file>`
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`git blame -L /<regex>/ -- <file>`: Annotate only the range given by the function name regex `<regex>`, within the `<file>`
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`git blame -w`: Ignore whitespace when comparing the parent’s version and the child’s to find where the lines came from
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`git blame -M`: Detect moved or copied lines within a file.
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`git blame -M -C [-C -C]`: Detect moved or copied lines within a file (`-M`), from all modified files in the same commit (`-C`), in the commit that created the file (`-C -C`), in all commits (`-C -C -C`)
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`git diff <filename>`: show difference since the last commit
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`git diff <commit> <filename>`: show differences in a file since a particular snapshot
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`git diff <reference_1> <reference_2> <filename>`: show differences in a file between two snapshots
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`git diff --staged`: show what is about to be committed
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`git diff <first-branch>...<second-branch>`: show content diff between two branches
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`git diff -w|--ignore-all-space`: show diff ignoring whitespace differences
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`git diff --word-diff`: show diff word-by-word instead of line-wise
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`git bisect start`: start binary search through commit history, to find the first "bad" commit
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`git bisect good`: mark current commit as "good"
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`git bisect bad`: mark current commit as "bad"
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`git bisect reset`: conclude search and restore HEAD
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### Managing Tags
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Git supports two types of tags: *lightweight* and *annotated*.
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A lightweight tag is very much like a branch that doesn't change: it's just a pointer to a specific commit.
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Annotated tags, however, are stored as full objects in the Git database.
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They're checksummed; contain the tagger name, email, and date; have a tagging message; and can be signed.
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It's generally recommended creating annotated tags so it's possible to have all this information.
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`git tag`: list existing tags
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`git tag -l|--list <pattern>`: list existing tags matching a wildcard or pattern
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`git tag <tag> [<commit_hash>]`: create a *lightweight* tag on the commit
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`git tag -a|--annotate <tag> [<commit_hash> -m <message>]`: create am *annotated* tag on the commit
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`git tag -f|--force <tag> [<commit_hash>]`: update a tag if it exists
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`git tag -s|--sign <tag> [<commit_hash>]`: sign a tag
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`git push <remote> <tagname>`: push a tag to the remote
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`git push <remote> --tags`: push commits and their tags (both types) to the remote
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`git tag -d|--delete <tagname>`: delete a tag
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`git push <remote> :refs/tags<tagname>:`: remove a tag from the remote
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`git push <remote> --delete <tagname>`: remove a tag from the remote
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`git switch <tag>`: checkout a tag - **WARNING**: will go into *detached HEAD*
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### Branching And Merging
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`git branch`: shows branches
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`git branch -vv`: show branch + last commit + remote status
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`git branch --merged [--remote]`: show branches (remote) that have been merged into current one (needs same history, merge squash/rebase break history)
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`git branch`: show list of all existing branches (* indicates current)
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`git branch <branch-name>`: create new branch
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`git branch -d|--delete <branch-name>`: delete specified branch
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`git branch -m|--move <old_name> <new_name>`: rename a branch without affecting the branch's history
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`git switch -c|--create <branch-name>`: create a new branch and switch to it
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`git switch --orphan <branch-name>`: create an new un-rooted branch from scratch
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`git switch <branch-name>`: change current branch (update HEAD) and update working directory
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`git merge <branch-name>`: merges into current branch
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`git merge --continue`: continue previous merge after solving a merge conflict
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`git rebase <branch>`: rebase current branch commits onto another branch
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`git rebase --onto <new-base> <old-base>`: rebase a slice of commits from `<old-base>` onto `<new-base>`
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`git rebase --onto <new-base> --root <old-base>`: rebase a slice of commits from `<old-base>` onto `<new-base>`, including the root commit
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`git cherry-pick <commit>`: bring in a commit from another branch
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`git cherry-pick <commit>..<commit>`: bring in a range of commits from another branch (first excluded)
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`git cherry-pick <commit>^..<commit>`: bring in a range of commits from another branch (first included)
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### Worktrees
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A git repository can support multiple working trees, allowing to check out more than one branch at a time.
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Additional worktrees are called "linked worktrees" as opposed to the "main worktree" prepared by `git init` or `git clone`.
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A repository has one main worktree (if it’s not a bare repository) and zero or more linked worktrees.
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`git worktree list`: show worktrees
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`git worktree add <path> <commit>`: create worktree at `<path>` and checkout `<commit>`
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`git worktree add -b <branch> <path> <commit>`: create worktree and branch at `<path>`
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`git worktree remove <worktree>`: remove a worktree
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### Rewriting History
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`git commit --amend`: replace last commit by creating a new one (can add files or rewrite commit message)
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`git commit --amend -m "amended message"`: replace last commit by creating a new one (can add files or rewrite commit message)
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`git commit --amend --no-edit`: replace last commit by creating a new one (can add files or rewrite commit message)
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`git reset <commit>`: revert to specific commit but keep changes
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`git reset --soft <commit>`: revert to specific commit but keep changes and staged files
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`git reset --hard <commit>`: revert to specific commit and discard changes
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`git reset <commit> <file>`: revert `<file>` to specific commit
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`git clean`: remove untracked files form the working tree
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`git clean -d`: remove untracked files recursively
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`git clean --interactive`: remove untracked files interactively
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`git restore --source <commit> <file>`: revert file to commit version
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`git restore <deleted-file>`: recover deleted file if previously committed
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`git rebase -i|--interactive`: modify (reword, edit, drop, squash, merge, ...) current branch commits
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`git rebase -i|--interactive HEAD~<n>`: modify (reword, edit, drop, squash, merge, ...) *n* commits
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`git rebase -i|--interactive <commit>`: modify (reword, edit, drop, squash, merge, ...) *from* commit to latest
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`git rebase --autostash`: automatically create a temporary stash entry before rebasing
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`git rebase --autosquash`: automatically apply "squash!" or "fixup!" or "amend!" commits
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`git rebase --committer-date-is-author-date`: use the author date of the commit being rebased as the committer date (instead of current time)
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## [Git Revisions](https://git-scm.com/docs/gitrevisions)
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### Specifying Revisions
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A revision parameter `<rev>` can take one of these forms:
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- `<sha>`: full or short sha of the object.
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- `<refname>`: a named object reference. One of:
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- `refs/<refname>`
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- `refs/tags/<refname>`
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- `refs/heads/<refname>`
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- `refs/remotes/<refname>`
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- `refs/remotes/<refname>`
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- `HEAD` or `*_HEAD`
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- `[<refname>]@{<date>}`: a revision at a specific point in time.
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- `[<refname>]@{n}`: `n`th prior value of a `<refname>`.
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- `@{-n}`: `<n>`th branch/commit checked out before the current one.
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- `<rev>^`: first parent of `<rev>`.
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- `<rev>~[<n>]`: `n`th parent of `<rev>`
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### Specifying Ranges
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A revision range can take one of these forms:
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- `<rev>`: Include commits that are reachable from `<rev>` (`<rev>` and its ancestors).
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- `^<rev>`: Exclude commits that are reachable from `<rev>` (`<rev>` and its ancestors).
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- `<rev1>..<rev2>`: Include commits that are reachable from `<rev2>` but exclude those that are reachable from `<rev1>`.
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- `<rev1>...<rev2>`: Include commits that are reachable from either <rev1> or <rev2> but exclude those that are reachable from both.
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`<rev>^@`: A suffix `^` followed by `@` is the same as listing all parents of `<rev>` (meaning, include anything reachable from its parents, but not the commit itself).
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`<rev>^!`: A suffix `^` followed by `!` is the same as giving commit `<rev>` and all its parents prefixed with `^` to exclude them (and their ancestors).
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`<rev>^-<n>`: Equivalent to `<rev>^<n>..<rev>`, with `<n> = 1` if not given.
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<!-- links -->
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[git]: https://git-scm.com/ "Git Home Page"
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[vcs]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Version_control "VCS on Wikipedia"
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[force-if-includes]: https://stackoverflow.com/a/65839129 "git --force-if-includes explanation"
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