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@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
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## Library Import
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```c
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```c linenums="1"
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#include <stdio.h> // search in current + system directories
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#include "lib.h" // search in current directory
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```
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@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Can be omitted and replaced by namespace`::`
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## Main Function
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```c
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```c linenums="1"
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int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { }
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```
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@ -30,14 +30,14 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { }
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### Constant Declaration
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```c
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```c linenums="1"
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#define constant_name value
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const type constant_name = value;
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```
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### Variable Declaration
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```c
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```c linenums="1"
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type var_name = value; //c-like initialization
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type var_name (value); //constructor initialization
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type var_name {value}; //uniform initialization
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@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ Escape Character | Character
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### Standard Output
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```c
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```c linenums="1"
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#include <stdio.h>
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printf_s("text %<fmt_spec>", variable);
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@ -132,13 +132,13 @@ printf_s("text %<fmt_spec>", variable);
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### Standard Input
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```c
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```c linenums="1"
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#include <stdio.h>
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scanf_s("%<fmt_spec>", &variable); //return number of successfully accepted inputs
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```
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### Format Specifiers %[width].[length][specifier]
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### Format Specifiers `%[width].[length][specifier]`
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Specifier | Specified Format
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------------|-----------------------------------------
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@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ a `>>=` b | a = a >> b
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### Mathematical Functions
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```c
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```c linenums="1"
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#include <cmath>
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abs(x); // absolute value
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@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ tanh(x); //hyperbolic tan(X)
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### Character Functions
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```c
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```c linenums="1"
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isalnum(c); //true if c is alphanumeric
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isalpha(c); //true if c is a letter
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isdigit(c); //true if char is 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
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@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ toupper(c); //transform character in uppercase
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### String Functions
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```c
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```c linenums="1"
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strlen(string); //return length (num of chars) of the string
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strcat(destination, source); //appends chars of string2 to string1
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strncat(string1, string2, nchar); //appends the first n chars of string 2 to string1
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@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ strpbrk(string, charSet); //Returns a pointer to the first occurrence of any
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### String Conversion
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```c
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```c linenums="1"
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atof(string); //converts string in double if possible
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atoi(string); //converts string in integer if possible
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atol(string); //converts string in long if possible
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@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ atol(string); //converts string in long if possible
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### String Methods
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```C++
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```C linenums="1"++
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string.at(pos); // returns char at index pos
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string.substr(start, end); // returns substring between indexes START and END
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string.c_str(); //reads string char by char
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@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ string.find(substring); // The zero-based index of the first character in str
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## Vectors
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```c
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```c linenums="1"
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#include <vector>
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vector<type> vector_name = {values}; //variable length array
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```
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@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ vector<type> vector_name = {values}; //variable length array
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### If Statements
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```c
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```c linenums="1"
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if (condition) { }
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if (condition)
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@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ else
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### Switch
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```c
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```c linenums="1"
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switch (expression) {
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case constant_1:
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//code here
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@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ switch (expression) {
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### While Loop
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```c
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```c linenums="1"
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while (condition) {
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//code here
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}
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@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ while (condition) {
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### Do While
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```c
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```c linenums="1"
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do {
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//code here
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} while (condition);
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@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ do {
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### For Loop
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```c
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```c linenums="1"
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for (initialization; condition; increase) {
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//code here
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}
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@ -401,7 +401,7 @@ Functions **must** be declared **before** the main function.
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It is possible to declare functions **after** the main only if the *prototype* is declared **before** the main.
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To return multiple variables those variables can be passed by reference so that their values is adjourned in the main.
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```c
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```c linenums="1"
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type function_name(type argument1, ...); // function prototype
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type functionName (parameters) {
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@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ void functionName (parameters) { }
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Passing arguments by reference causes modifications made inside the function to be propagated to the values outside.
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Passing arguments by values copies the values to the arguments: changes remain inside the function.
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```c
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```c linenums="1"
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type functionName (type &argument1, ...) {
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//code here
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return <expression>;
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@ -430,7 +430,7 @@ type functionName (type &argument1, ...) {
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Passing arguments by reference causes modifications made inside the function to be propagated to the values outside.
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Passing arguments by values copies the values to the arguments: changes remain inside the function.
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```c
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```c linenums="1"
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type function_name (type *argument_1, ...) {
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instructions;
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return <expression>;
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@ -441,7 +441,7 @@ type function_name (type *argument_1, ...) {
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## Arrays
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```c
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```c linenums="1"
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type arrayName[dimension]; //array declaration
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type arrayName[dimension] = {value1, value2, ...}; //array declaration & initialization, values number must match dimension
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The dimension is not specified because it is determined by the passed array.
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The array is passed by reference.
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```c
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```c linenums="1"
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type function(type array[]){
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//code here
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}
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@ -469,14 +469,14 @@ function(array); //array passed w/out square brackets []
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### Multi-Dimensional Array (Matrix)
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```c
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```c linenums="1"
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type matrix[rows][columns];
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matrix[i][j] //element A_ij of the matrix
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```
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### Matrix as function parameter
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```c
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```c linenums="1"
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//matrix passed by reference, second dimension is mandatory
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type function(type matrix[][columns]){
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//code here
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### Struct Definition
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```c
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```c linenums="1"
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struct Struct {
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type field1;
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type field2;
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@ -512,7 +512,7 @@ variable.field // field access
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Pointers hold memory addresses of declared variables, they should be initialized to NULL.
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```c
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```c linenums="1"
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type *pointer = &variable; //pointer init and assignment
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type *pointer = NULL;
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type *pointer = otherPointer;
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pointer type and variable type **must** match.
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(*) --> "value pointed to by"
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```c
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```c linenums="1"
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pointer //address of pointed value (value of variable)
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*pointer //value of pointed variable
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**pointer //value pointed by *pointer (pointer to pointer)
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### Pointer to array
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```c
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```c linenums="1"
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type *pointer;
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type array[dim] = {};
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### Pointers, Arrays & Functions
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```c
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```c linenums="1"
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func(array) //pass entire array to function (no need to use (&) to extract address)
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type func(type* array){
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### Pointer to Struct
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```c
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```c linenums="1"
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(*structPointer).field //access to field value
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structPointer->structField //access to field value
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```
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A **Stack** is a list in with nodes can be extracted from one *side* only (*LIFO*).
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The extraction of an item from the *top* is called **pop**
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```c
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```c linenums="1"
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// node structure
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struct Node {
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type value;
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#### Node Insertion
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```c
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```c linenums="1"
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Node *stackNode; //current node
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Node* head = NULL; //pointer to head of stack
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#### Node Deletion
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```c
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```c linenums="1"
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stackNode = head->next; //memorize location of second node
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free(head); //delete first node
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head = stackNode; //update head to point to new first node
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#### Passing Head To Functions
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```c
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```c linenums="1"
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type function(Node** head) //value of head passed by address (head is Node*)
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{
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*head = ... //update value of head (pointed variable/object/Node)
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* `malloc()` returns a void pointer if the allocation is successful.
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* `free()` frees the memory
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```C
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```C linenums="1"
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list *pointer = (list*)malloc(sizeof(list)); //memory allocation
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free(pointer) //freeing of memory
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```
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Filename can be string literal or CharArray (use `c_str()`).
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```c
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```c linenums="1"
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ifstream file;
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file.open("filename"); //read from file
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