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@ -1,78 +1,78 @@
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# Collections Module
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``` py
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# COUNTER ()
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# subclass dictionary for counting hash-capable objects
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from collections import Counter
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Counter (sequence) # -> Counter object
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# {item: num included in sequence, ...}
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var = Counter (sequence)
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var.most_common (n) # produce list of most common elements (most common n)
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sum (var.values ()) # total of all counts
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var.clear () #reset all counts
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list (var) # list unique items
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set (var) # convert to a set
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dict (var) # convert to regular dictionary
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var.items () # convert to a list of pairs (element, count)
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Counter (dict (list_of_pairs)) # convert from a list of pairs
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var.most_common [: - n-1: -1] # n less common elements
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var + = Counter () # remove zero and negative counts
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# DEFAULTDICT ()
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# dictionary-like object that takes a default type as its first argument
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# defaultdict will never raise a KeyError exception.
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# non-existent keys return a default value (default_factory)
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from collections import defaultdict
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var = defaultdict (default_factory)
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var.popitem () # remove and return first element
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var.popitem (last = True) # remove and return last item
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# OREDERDDICT ()
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# subclass dictionary that "remembers" the order in which the contents are entered
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# Normal dictionaries have random order
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name_dict = OrderedDict ()
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# OrderedDict with same elements but different order are considered different
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# USERDICT ()
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# pure implementation in pythondi a map that works like a normal dictionary.
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# Designated to create subclasses
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UserDict.data # recipient of UserDict content
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# NAMEDTUPLE ()
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# each namedtuple is represented by its own class
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from collections import namedtuple
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NomeClasse = namedtuple (NomeClasse, parameters_separated_from_space)
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var = ClassName (parameters)
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var.attribute # access to attributes
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var [index] # access to attributes
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var._fields # access to attribute list
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var = class._make (iterable) # transformain namedtuple
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var._asdict () # Return OrderedDict object starting from namedtuple
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# DEQUE ()
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# double ended queue (pronounced "deck")
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# list editable on both "sides"
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from collections import deque
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var = deque (iterable, maxlen = num) # -> deque object
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var.append (item) # add item to the bottom
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var.appendleft (item) # add item to the beginning
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var.clear () # remove all elements
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var.extend (iterable) # add iterable to the bottom
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var.extendleft (iterable) # add iterable to the beginning '
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var.insert (index, item) # insert index position
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var.index (item, start, stop) # returns position of item
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var.count (item)
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var.pop ()
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var.popleft ()
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var.remove (value)
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var.reverse () # reverse element order
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var.rotate (n) # move the elements of n steps (dx if n> 0, sx if n <0)
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var.sort ()
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```
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# Collections Module
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``` py
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# COUNTER ()
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# subclass dictionary for counting hash-capable objects
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from collections import Counter
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Counter (sequence) # -> Counter object
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# {item: num included in sequence, ...}
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var = Counter (sequence)
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var.most_common (n) # produce list of most common elements (most common n)
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sum (var.values ()) # total of all counts
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||||
var.clear () #reset all counts
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list (var) # list unique items
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set (var) # convert to a set
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||||
dict (var) # convert to regular dictionary
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var.items () # convert to a list of pairs (element, count)
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Counter (dict (list_of_pairs)) # convert from a list of pairs
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var.most_common [: - n-1: -1] # n less common elements
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var + = Counter () # remove zero and negative counts
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# DEFAULTDICT ()
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||||
# dictionary-like object that takes a default type as its first argument
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# defaultdict will never raise a KeyError exception.
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# non-existent keys return a default value (default_factory)
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from collections import defaultdict
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var = defaultdict (default_factory)
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var.popitem () # remove and return first element
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var.popitem (last = True) # remove and return last item
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||||
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||||
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# OREDERDDICT ()
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# subclass dictionary that "remembers" the order in which the contents are entered
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# Normal dictionaries have random order
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||||
name_dict = OrderedDict ()
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||||
# OrderedDict with same elements but different order are considered different
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||||
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||||
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||||
# USERDICT ()
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||||
# pure implementation in pythondi a map that works like a normal dictionary.
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||||
# Designated to create subclasses
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||||
UserDict.data # recipient of UserDict content
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||||
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||||
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||||
# NAMEDTUPLE ()
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# each namedtuple is represented by its own class
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from collections import namedtuple
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NomeClasse = namedtuple (NomeClasse, parameters_separated_from_space)
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var = ClassName (parameters)
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var.attribute # access to attributes
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var [index] # access to attributes
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||||
var._fields # access to attribute list
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var = class._make (iterable) # transformain namedtuple
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var._asdict () # Return OrderedDict object starting from namedtuple
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# DEQUE ()
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# double ended queue (pronounced "deck")
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# list editable on both "sides"
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from collections import deque
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var = deque (iterable, maxlen = num) # -> deque object
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var.append (item) # add item to the bottom
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||||
var.appendleft (item) # add item to the beginning
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var.clear () # remove all elements
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var.extend (iterable) # add iterable to the bottom
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var.extendleft (iterable) # add iterable to the beginning '
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var.insert (index, item) # insert index position
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var.index (item, start, stop) # returns position of item
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var.count (item)
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var.pop ()
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var.popleft ()
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var.remove (value)
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var.reverse () # reverse element order
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var.rotate (n) # move the elements of n steps (dx if n> 0, sx if n <0)
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var.sort ()
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```
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@ -1,83 +1,83 @@
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# CSV Module
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``` python
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# iterate lines of csvfile
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.reader (csvfile, dialect, ** fmtparams) -> reader object
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# READER METHODS
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.__ next __ () # returns next iterable object line as a list or dictionary
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# READER ATTRIBUTES
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dialect # read-only description of the dialec used
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line_num # number of lines from the beginning of the iterator
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fieldnames
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# convert data to delimited strings
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# csvfile must support .write ()
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#type None converted to empty string (simplify SQL NULL dump)
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.writer (csvfile, dialect, ** fmtparams) -> writer object
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# WRITER METHODS
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# row must be iterable of strings or numbers or of dictionaries
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.writerow (row) # write row formatted according to the current dialect
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.writerows (rows) # write all elements in rows formatted according to the current dialect. rows is iterable of row
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# CSV METHODS
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# associate dialect to name (name must be string)
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.register_dialect (name, dialect, ** fmtparams)
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# delete the dialect associated with name
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.unregister_dialect ()
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# returns the dialect associated with name
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.get_dialect (name)
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# list of dialects associated with name
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.list_dialect (name)
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# returns (if empty) or sets the limit of the csv field
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.field_size_limit (new_limit)
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'''
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csvfile - iterable object returning a string on each __next __ () call
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if csv is a file it must be opened with newline = '' (universal newline)
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dialect - specify the dialect of csv (Excel, ...) (OPTIONAL)
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fmtparams --override formatting parameters (OPTIONAL) https://docs.python.org/3/library/csv.html#csv-fmt-params
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'''
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# object operating as a reader but maps the info in each row into an OrderedDict whose keys are optional and passed through fieldnames
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class csv.Dictreader (f, fieldnames = None, restket = none, restval = None, dialect, * args, ** kwargs)
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'''
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f - files to read
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fieldnames --sequence, defines the names of the csv fields. if omitted use the first line of f
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restval, restkey --se len (row)> fieldnames excess data stored in restval and restkey
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additional parameters passed to the underlying reader instance
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'''
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class csv.DictWriter (f, fieldnames, restval = '', extrasaction, dialect, * args, ** kwargs)
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'''
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f - files to read
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fieldnames --sequence, defines the names of the csv fields. (NECESSARY)
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restval --se len (row)> fieldnames excess data stored in restval and restkey
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extrasaction - if the dictionary passed to writerow () contains key not present in fieldnames extrasaction decides action to be taken (raise cause valueError, ignore ignores additional keys)
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additional parameters passed to the underlying writer instance
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'''
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# DICTREADER METHODS
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.writeheader () # write a header line of fields as specified by fieldnames
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# class used to infer the format of the CSV
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class csv.Sniffer
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.sniff (sample, delimiters = None) #parse the sample and return a Dialect class. delimiter is a sequence of possible box delimiters
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.has_header (sample) -> bool # True if first row is a series of column headings
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#CONSTANTS
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csv.QUOTE_ALL # instructs writer to quote ("") all fields
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csv.QUOTE_MINIMAL # instructs write to quote only fields containing special characters such as delimiter, quote char ...
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csv.QUOTE_NONNUMERIC # instructs the writer to quote all non-numeric fields
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csv.QUOTE_NONE # instructs write to never quote fields
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```
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# CSV Module
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|
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``` python
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# iterate lines of csvfile
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.reader (csvfile, dialect, ** fmtparams) -> reader object
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|
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# READER METHODS
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.__ next __ () # returns next iterable object line as a list or dictionary
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|
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# READER ATTRIBUTES
|
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dialect # read-only description of the dialec used
|
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line_num # number of lines from the beginning of the iterator
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fieldnames
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|
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# convert data to delimited strings
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# csvfile must support .write ()
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#type None converted to empty string (simplify SQL NULL dump)
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.writer (csvfile, dialect, ** fmtparams) -> writer object
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# WRITER METHODS
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# row must be iterable of strings or numbers or of dictionaries
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.writerow (row) # write row formatted according to the current dialect
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.writerows (rows) # write all elements in rows formatted according to the current dialect. rows is iterable of row
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# CSV METHODS
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# associate dialect to name (name must be string)
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.register_dialect (name, dialect, ** fmtparams)
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# delete the dialect associated with name
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.unregister_dialect ()
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# returns the dialect associated with name
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.get_dialect (name)
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# list of dialects associated with name
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.list_dialect (name)
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# returns (if empty) or sets the limit of the csv field
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.field_size_limit (new_limit)
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'''
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csvfile - iterable object returning a string on each __next __ () call
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if csv is a file it must be opened with newline = '' (universal newline)
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dialect - specify the dialect of csv (Excel, ...) (OPTIONAL)
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fmtparams --override formatting parameters (OPTIONAL) https://docs.python.org/3/library/csv.html#csv-fmt-params
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'''
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# object operating as a reader but maps the info in each row into an OrderedDict whose keys are optional and passed through fieldnames
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class csv.Dictreader (f, fieldnames = None, restket = none, restval = None, dialect, * args, ** kwargs)
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'''
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f - files to read
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fieldnames --sequence, defines the names of the csv fields. if omitted use the first line of f
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restval, restkey --se len (row)> fieldnames excess data stored in restval and restkey
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additional parameters passed to the underlying reader instance
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'''
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class csv.DictWriter (f, fieldnames, restval = '', extrasaction, dialect, * args, ** kwargs)
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'''
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f - files to read
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fieldnames --sequence, defines the names of the csv fields. (NECESSARY)
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restval --se len (row)> fieldnames excess data stored in restval and restkey
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extrasaction - if the dictionary passed to writerow () contains key not present in fieldnames extrasaction decides action to be taken (raise cause valueError, ignore ignores additional keys)
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additional parameters passed to the underlying writer instance
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'''
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# DICTREADER METHODS
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.writeheader () # write a header line of fields as specified by fieldnames
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# class used to infer the format of the CSV
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class csv.Sniffer
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.sniff (sample, delimiters = None) #parse the sample and return a Dialect class. delimiter is a sequence of possible box delimiters
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.has_header (sample) -> bool # True if first row is a series of column headings
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#CONSTANTS
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csv.QUOTE_ALL # instructs writer to quote ("") all fields
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csv.QUOTE_MINIMAL # instructs write to quote only fields containing special characters such as delimiter, quote char ...
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csv.QUOTE_NONNUMERIC # instructs the writer to quote all non-numeric fields
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csv.QUOTE_NONE # instructs write to never quote fields
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```
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@ -1,72 +1,72 @@
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# Itertools Module
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``` py
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# accumulate ([1,2,3,4,5]) -> 1, 3 (1 + 2), 6 (1 + 2 + 3), 10 (1 + 2 + 3 + 6), 15 (1+ 2 + 3 + 4 + 5)
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# accumulate (iter, func (,)) -> iter [0], func (iter [0] + iter [1]) + func (prev + iter [2]), ...
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accumulate (iterable, func (_, _))
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# iterator returns elements from the first iterable,
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# then proceeds to the next until the end of the iterables
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# does not work if there is only one iterable
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chain (* iterable)
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# concatenates elements of the single iterable even if it contains sequences
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chain.from_iterable (iterable)
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# returns sequences of length r starting from the iterable
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# items treated as unique based on their value
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combinations (iterable, r)
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# # returns sequences of length r starting from the iterable allowing the repetition of the elements
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combinations_with_replacement (iterable, r)
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# iterator filters date elements returning only those that have
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# a corresponding element in selectors that is true
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compress (data, selectors)
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count (start, step)
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# iterator returning values in infinite sequence
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cycle (iterable)
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|
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# iterator discards elements of the iterable as long as the predicate is true
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dropwhile (predicate, iterable)
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|
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# iterator returning values if predicate is false
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filterfalse (predicate, iterable)
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|
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# iterator returns tuple (key, group)
|
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# key is the grouping criterion
|
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# group is a generator returning group members
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groupby (iterable, key = None)
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|
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# iterator returns slices of the iterable
|
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isslice (iterable, stop)
|
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isslice (iterable, start, stop, step)
|
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|
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# returns all permutations of length r of the iterable
|
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permutations (iterable, r = None)
|
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|
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# Cartesian product of iterables
|
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# loops iterables in order of input
|
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# [product ('ABCD', 'xy') -> Ax Ay Bx By Cx Cy Dx Dy]
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# [product ('ABCD', repeat = 2) -> AA AB AC AD BA BB BC BD CA CB CC CD DA DB DC DD]
|
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product (* iterable, repetitions = 1)
|
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|
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# returns an object infinite times if repetition is not specified
|
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repeat (object, repetitions)
|
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|
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# iterator compute func (iterable)
|
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# used if iterable is pre-zipped sequence (seq of tuples grouping elements)
|
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starmap (func, iterable)
|
||||
|
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# iterator returning values from iterable as long as predicate is true
|
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takewhile (predicate, iterable)
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|
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# returns n independent iterators from the single iterable
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tee (iterable, n = 2)
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|
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# produces an iterator that aggregates elements from each iterable
|
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# if the iterables have different lengths the missing values are filled according to fillervalue
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zip_longest (* iterable, fillvalue = None)
|
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```
|
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# Itertools Module
|
||||
|
||||
``` py
|
||||
# accumulate ([1,2,3,4,5]) -> 1, 3 (1 + 2), 6 (1 + 2 + 3), 10 (1 + 2 + 3 + 6), 15 (1+ 2 + 3 + 4 + 5)
|
||||
# accumulate (iter, func (,)) -> iter [0], func (iter [0] + iter [1]) + func (prev + iter [2]), ...
|
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accumulate (iterable, func (_, _))
|
||||
|
||||
# iterator returns elements from the first iterable,
|
||||
# then proceeds to the next until the end of the iterables
|
||||
# does not work if there is only one iterable
|
||||
chain (* iterable)
|
||||
|
||||
# concatenates elements of the single iterable even if it contains sequences
|
||||
chain.from_iterable (iterable)
|
||||
|
||||
# returns sequences of length r starting from the iterable
|
||||
# items treated as unique based on their value
|
||||
combinations (iterable, r)
|
||||
|
||||
# # returns sequences of length r starting from the iterable allowing the repetition of the elements
|
||||
combinations_with_replacement (iterable, r)
|
||||
|
||||
# iterator filters date elements returning only those that have
|
||||
# a corresponding element in selectors that is true
|
||||
compress (data, selectors)
|
||||
|
||||
count (start, step)
|
||||
|
||||
# iterator returning values in infinite sequence
|
||||
cycle (iterable)
|
||||
|
||||
# iterator discards elements of the iterable as long as the predicate is true
|
||||
dropwhile (predicate, iterable)
|
||||
|
||||
# iterator returning values if predicate is false
|
||||
filterfalse (predicate, iterable)
|
||||
|
||||
# iterator returns tuple (key, group)
|
||||
# key is the grouping criterion
|
||||
# group is a generator returning group members
|
||||
groupby (iterable, key = None)
|
||||
|
||||
# iterator returns slices of the iterable
|
||||
isslice (iterable, stop)
|
||||
isslice (iterable, start, stop, step)
|
||||
|
||||
# returns all permutations of length r of the iterable
|
||||
permutations (iterable, r = None)
|
||||
|
||||
# Cartesian product of iterables
|
||||
# loops iterables in order of input
|
||||
# [product ('ABCD', 'xy') -> Ax Ay Bx By Cx Cy Dx Dy]
|
||||
# [product ('ABCD', repeat = 2) -> AA AB AC AD BA BB BC BD CA CB CC CD DA DB DC DD]
|
||||
product (* iterable, repetitions = 1)
|
||||
|
||||
# returns an object infinite times if repetition is not specified
|
||||
repeat (object, repetitions)
|
||||
|
||||
# iterator compute func (iterable)
|
||||
# used if iterable is pre-zipped sequence (seq of tuples grouping elements)
|
||||
starmap (func, iterable)
|
||||
|
||||
# iterator returning values from iterable as long as predicate is true
|
||||
takewhile (predicate, iterable)
|
||||
|
||||
# returns n independent iterators from the single iterable
|
||||
tee (iterable, n = 2)
|
||||
|
||||
# produces an iterator that aggregates elements from each iterable
|
||||
# if the iterables have different lengths the missing values are filled according to fillervalue
|
||||
zip_longest (* iterable, fillvalue = None)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,64 +1,64 @@
|
|||
# Time & Datetime
|
||||
|
||||
## Time
|
||||
|
||||
```py
|
||||
# epoch: elapsed time in seconds (in UNIX starts from 01-010-1970)
|
||||
import time # UNIX time
|
||||
variable = time.time () # returns the time (in seconds) elapsed since 01-01-1970
|
||||
variable = time.ctime (epochseconds) # transform epoch into date
|
||||
|
||||
var = time.perf_counter () # returns the current running time
|
||||
# execution time = start time - end time
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### time.srtfrime() format
|
||||
|
||||
| Format | Data |
|
||||
|--------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
||||
| `%a` | Locale's abbreviated weekday name. |
|
||||
| `%A` | Locale's full weekday name. |
|
||||
| `%b` | Locale's abbreviated month name. |
|
||||
| `%B` | Locale's full month name. |
|
||||
| `%c` | Locale's appropriate date and time representation. |
|
||||
| `%d` | Day of the month as a decimal number `[01,31]`. |
|
||||
| `%H` | Hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number `[00,23]`. |
|
||||
| `%I` | Hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number `[01,12]`. |
|
||||
| `%j` | Day of the year as a decimal number `[001,366]`. |
|
||||
| `%m` | Month as a decimal number `[01,12]`. |
|
||||
| `%M` | Minute as a decimal number `[00,59]`. |
|
||||
| `%p` | Locale's equivalent of either AM or PM. |
|
||||
| `%S` | Second as a decimal number `[00,61]`. |
|
||||
| `%U` | Week number of the year (Sunday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number `[00,53]`. |
|
||||
| `%w` | Weekday as a decimal number `[0(Sunday),6]`. |
|
||||
| `%W` | Week number of the year (Monday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number `[00,53]`. |
|
||||
| `%x` | Locale's appropriate date representation. |
|
||||
| `%X` | Locale's appropriate time representation. |
|
||||
| `%y` | Year without century as a decimal number `[00,99]`. |
|
||||
| `%Y` | Year with century as a decimal number. |
|
||||
| `%z` | Time zone offset indicating a positive or negative time difference from UTC/GMT of the form +HHMM or -HHMM |
|
||||
| `%Z` | Time zone name (no characters if no time zone exists). |
|
||||
| `%%` | A literal `%` character. |
|
||||
|
||||
## Datetime
|
||||
|
||||
```py
|
||||
import datetime
|
||||
today = datetime.date.today () # returns current date
|
||||
today = datetime.datetime.today () # returns the current date and time
|
||||
|
||||
# formatting example
|
||||
print ('Current Date: {} - {} - {}' .format (today.day, today.month, today.year))
|
||||
print ('Current Time: {}: {}. {}' .format (today.hour, today.minute, today.second))
|
||||
|
||||
var_1 = datetime.date (year, month, day) # create date object
|
||||
var_2 = datetime.time (hour, minute, second, micro-second) # create time object
|
||||
dt = datetime.combine (var_1, var_2) # combine date and time objects into one object
|
||||
|
||||
date_1 = datetime.date ('year', 'month', 'day')
|
||||
date_2 = date_1.replace (year = 'new_year')
|
||||
|
||||
#DATETIME ARITHMETIC
|
||||
date_1 - date_2 # -> datetime.timedelta (num_of_days)
|
||||
datetime.timedelta # duration expressing the difference between two date, time or datetime objects
|
||||
```
|
||||
# Time & Datetime
|
||||
|
||||
## Time
|
||||
|
||||
```py
|
||||
# epoch: elapsed time in seconds (in UNIX starts from 01-010-1970)
|
||||
import time # UNIX time
|
||||
variable = time.time () # returns the time (in seconds) elapsed since 01-01-1970
|
||||
variable = time.ctime (epochseconds) # transform epoch into date
|
||||
|
||||
var = time.perf_counter () # returns the current running time
|
||||
# execution time = start time - end time
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### time.srtfrime() format
|
||||
|
||||
| Format | Data |
|
||||
|--------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
||||
| `%a` | Locale's abbreviated weekday name. |
|
||||
| `%A` | Locale's full weekday name. |
|
||||
| `%b` | Locale's abbreviated month name. |
|
||||
| `%B` | Locale's full month name. |
|
||||
| `%c` | Locale's appropriate date and time representation. |
|
||||
| `%d` | Day of the month as a decimal number `[01,31]`. |
|
||||
| `%H` | Hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number `[00,23]`. |
|
||||
| `%I` | Hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number `[01,12]`. |
|
||||
| `%j` | Day of the year as a decimal number `[001,366]`. |
|
||||
| `%m` | Month as a decimal number `[01,12]`. |
|
||||
| `%M` | Minute as a decimal number `[00,59]`. |
|
||||
| `%p` | Locale's equivalent of either AM or PM. |
|
||||
| `%S` | Second as a decimal number `[00,61]`. |
|
||||
| `%U` | Week number of the year (Sunday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number `[00,53]`. |
|
||||
| `%w` | Weekday as a decimal number `[0(Sunday),6]`. |
|
||||
| `%W` | Week number of the year (Monday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number `[00,53]`. |
|
||||
| `%x` | Locale's appropriate date representation. |
|
||||
| `%X` | Locale's appropriate time representation. |
|
||||
| `%y` | Year without century as a decimal number `[00,99]`. |
|
||||
| `%Y` | Year with century as a decimal number. |
|
||||
| `%z` | Time zone offset indicating a positive or negative time difference from UTC/GMT of the form +HHMM or -HHMM |
|
||||
| `%Z` | Time zone name (no characters if no time zone exists). |
|
||||
| `%%` | A literal `%` character. |
|
||||
|
||||
## Datetime
|
||||
|
||||
```py
|
||||
import datetime
|
||||
today = datetime.date.today () # returns current date
|
||||
today = datetime.datetime.today () # returns the current date and time
|
||||
|
||||
# formatting example
|
||||
print ('Current Date: {} - {} - {}' .format (today.day, today.month, today.year))
|
||||
print ('Current Time: {}: {}. {}' .format (today.hour, today.minute, today.second))
|
||||
|
||||
var_1 = datetime.date (year, month, day) # create date object
|
||||
var_2 = datetime.time (hour, minute, second, micro-second) # create time object
|
||||
dt = datetime.combine (var_1, var_2) # combine date and time objects into one object
|
||||
|
||||
date_1 = datetime.date ('year', 'month', 'day')
|
||||
date_2 = date_1.replace (year = 'new_year')
|
||||
|
||||
#DATETIME ARITHMETIC
|
||||
date_1 - date_2 # -> datetime.timedelta (num_of_days)
|
||||
datetime.timedelta # duration expressing the difference between two date, time or datetime objects
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
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Reference in a new issue