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<h1 id="redis"><a href="https://redis.io/">Redis</a></h1>
<p>Redis is in the family of databases called <strong>key-value stores</strong>.</p>
<p>The essence of a key-value store is the ability to store some data, called a value, inside a key. This data can later be retrieved only if we know the exact key used to store it.</p>
<p>Often Redis it is called a <em>data structure</em> server because it has outer key-value shell, but each value can contain a complex data structure, such as a string, a list, a hashes, or ordered data structures called sorted sets as well as probabilistic data structures like <em>hyperloglog</em>.</p>
<h2 id="redis-commands"><a href="https://redis.io/commands">Redis Commands</a></h2>
<h3 id="server-startup">Server Startup</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a>redis-server<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># start the server</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a>redis-cli
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="key-value-pairs"><a href="https://redis.io/commands#generic">Key-Value Pairs</a></h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1"> 1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2"> 2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3"> 3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4"> 4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5"> 5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6"> 6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-7"> 7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-8"> 8</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-9"> 9</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-10">10</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-11">11</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-12">12</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-13">13</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-14">14</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-15">15</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-16">16</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a>SET<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;value&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span><span class="w"> </span>EX<span class="w"> </span>&lt;seconds&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># store a key-value pair, TTL optional</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a>GET<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># read a key content</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a>EXISTS<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># check if a key exists</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a>DEL<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># delete a key-value pair</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a>INCR<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># atomically increment a number stored at a given key</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7"></a>INCRBY<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;amount&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># increment the number contained inside a key by a specific amount</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8"></a>DECR<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;
<a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9"></a>DECRBY<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;amount&gt;
<a id="__codelineno-1-10" name="__codelineno-1-10"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-1-11" name="__codelineno-1-11"></a><span class="c1"># re-setting the key will make it permanent (TTL -1)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-12" name="__codelineno-1-12"></a>EXPIRE<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;seconds&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># make the key expire after &lt;second&gt; seconds</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-13" name="__codelineno-1-13"></a>TTL<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># see remaining seconds before expiry</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-14" name="__codelineno-1-14"></a>PEXPIRE<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;seconds&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># make the key expire after &lt;second&gt; milli-seconds</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-15" name="__codelineno-1-15"></a>PTTL<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># see remaining milli-seconds before expiry</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-16" name="__codelineno-1-16"></a>PERSIST<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># make the key permanent</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="lists"><a href="https://redis.io/commands#list">Lists</a></h3>
<p>A list is a series of ordered values.</p>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4">4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5">5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-6">6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-7">7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a>RPUSH<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;value1&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;value2&gt;<span class="w"> </span>...<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># add one or more values to the end of the list</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a>LPUSH<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;value1&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;value2&gt;<span class="w"> </span>...<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># add one or more values to the start of a list</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a>LLEN<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># number of items in the list</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a>LRANGE<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;start_index&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;end_index&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># return a subset of the list, end index included. Negative indexes count backwards from the end</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7"></a>LPOP<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># remove and return the first item fro the list</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8"></a>RPOP<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># remove and return the last item fro the list</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="sets"><a href="https://redis.io/commands#set">Sets</a></h3>
<p>A set is similar to a list, except it does not have a specific order and each element may only appear once.</p>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4">4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-5">5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-6">6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-7">7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a>SADD<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;value1&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;value2&gt;<span class="w"> </span>...<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># add one or more values to the set (return 0 if values are already inside)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a>SREM<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;value&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># remove the given member from the set, return 1 or 0 to signal if the member was actually there or not.</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a>SPOP<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;value&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># remove and return value from the set</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5"></a>SISMEMBER<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;value&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># test if value is in the set</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6"></a>SMEMBERS<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># lis of all set items</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-3-8" name="__codelineno-3-8"></a>SUINION<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key1&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key2&gt;<span class="w"> </span>...<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># combine two or more sets and return the list of all elements.</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="sorted-sets"><a href="https://redis.io/commands#sorted_set">Sorted Sets</a></h3>
<p>Sets are a very handy data type, but as they are unsorted they don't work well for a number of problems. This is why Redis 1.2 introduced Sorted Sets.</p>
<p>A sorted set is similar to a regular set, but now each value has an associated score. This score is used to sort the elements in the set.</p>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4">4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a>ZADD<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;score&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;value&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># add a value with it&#39;s score</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a>ZRANGE<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;start_index&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;end_index&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># return a subset of the sortedSet</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a>...
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="hashes"><a href="https://redis.io/commands#hash">Hashes</a></h3>
<p>Hashes are maps between string fields and string values, so they are the perfect data type to represent objects.</p>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Bash</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1"> 1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2"> 2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3"> 3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-4"> 4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-5"> 5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-6"> 6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-7"> 7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-8"> 8</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-9"> 9</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-10">10</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-11">11</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-12">12</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-13">13</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-14">14</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-15">15</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-16">16</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-17">17</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-18">18</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-19">19</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-20">20</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-21">21</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a>HSET<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;field&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;value&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span><span class="w"> </span>&lt;field&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;value&gt;<span class="w"> </span>...<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># set the string of a hash field</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a>HSETNX<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;field&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;value&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># set the value of a hash field, only if the field does not exist</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4"></a>HEXISTS<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;field&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># determine if a hash field exists</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-5-6" name="__codelineno-5-6"></a>HLEN<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># get the number of fields in a hash</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-7" name="__codelineno-5-7"></a>HSTRLEN<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;field&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># get the length of the value of a hash field</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-8" name="__codelineno-5-8"></a>HGETALL<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># get all fields and values in a hash</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-9" name="__codelineno-5-9"></a>HGET<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;field&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># get data on a single field</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-10" name="__codelineno-5-10"></a>HKEYS<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># get all the fields in a hash</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-11" name="__codelineno-5-11"></a>HVALS<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># get all the values in a hash</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-12" name="__codelineno-5-12"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-5-13" name="__codelineno-5-13"></a>HDEL<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;field_1&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;field_2&gt;<span class="w"> </span>...<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># delete one or more field hashes</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-14" name="__codelineno-5-14"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-5-15" name="__codelineno-5-15"></a>HMGET<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;field&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>&lt;field&gt;<span class="w"> </span>...<span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># get the values of all the given hash fields</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-16" name="__codelineno-5-16"></a>HMSET<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;field&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;value&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>&lt;field&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;value&gt;<span class="w"> </span>...<span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># set multiple hash fields to multiple values</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-17" name="__codelineno-5-17"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-5-18" name="__codelineno-5-18"></a>HINCRBY<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;field&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;amount&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># increment the integer value of a hash field by the given number</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-19" name="__codelineno-5-19"></a>HINCRBYFLOAT<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;field&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;amount&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># increment the float value of a hash field by the given amount</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-20" name="__codelineno-5-20"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-5-21" name="__codelineno-5-21"></a>HSCAN<span class="w"> </span>&lt;key&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;cursor&gt;<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>MATCH<span class="w"> </span>&lt;pattern&gt;<span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>COUNT<span class="w"> </span>&lt;count&gt;<span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># incrementally iterate hash fields and associated values</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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