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<h1 id="middleware"><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/aspnet/core/fundamentals/middleware">Middleware</a></h1>
<p>Middleware is software that's assembled into an app pipeline to handle requests and responses. Each component:</p>
<ul>
<li>Chooses whether to pass the request to the next component in the pipeline.</li>
<li>Can perform work before and after the next component in the pipeline.</li>
</ul>
<p>Request delegates are used to build the request pipeline. The request delegates handle each HTTP request.</p>
<p>Request delegates are configured using <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/microsoft.aspnetcore.builder.runextensions.run">Run</a>, <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/microsoft.aspnetcore.builder.mapextensions.map">Map</a>, and <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/microsoft.aspnetcore.builder.useextensions.use">Use</a> extension methods.</p>
<p>An individual request delegate can be specified in-line as an anonymous method (called in-line middleware), or it can be defined in a reusable class.
These reusable classes and in-line anonymous methods are <em>middleware</em>, also called <em>middleware components</em>.</p>
<p>Each middleware component in the request pipeline is responsible for invoking the next component in the pipeline or short-circuiting the pipeline.
When a middleware short-circuits, it's called a <em>terminal middleware</em> because it prevents further middleware from processing the request.</p>
<h2 id="middleware-pipeline">Middleware Pipeline</h2>
<p>The ASP.NET Core request pipeline consists of a sequence of request delegates, called one after the other.</p>
<p><img alt="request-delegate-pipeline" src="../../../img/dotnet_request-delegate-pipeline.avif" /></p>
<p>Each delegate can perform operations before and after the next delegate. Exception-handling delegates should be called early in the pipeline, so they can catch exceptions that occur in later stages of the pipeline. It's possible to chain multiple request delegates together with <code>Use</code>.</p>
<p>The <em>next</em> parameter represents the next delegate in the pipeline. It's possible to short-circuit the pipeline by <em>not calling</em> the next parameter.
When a delegate doesn't pass a request to the next delegate, it's called <em>short-circuiting the request pipeline</em>.
Short-circuiting is often desirable because it avoids unnecessary work.</p>
<p>It's possible to perform actions both <em>before</em> and <em>after</em> the next delegate:</p>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4">4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5">5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6">6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="c1">// &quot;inline&quot; middleware, best if in own class</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Use</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">async</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Do work that doesn&#39;t write to the Response.</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">await</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Invoke</span><span class="p">();</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Do logging or other work that doesn&#39;t write to the Response.</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="p">});</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<p><code>Run</code> delegates don't receive a next parameter. The first <code>Run</code> delegate is always terminal and terminates the pipeline.</p>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1"> 1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2"> 2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3"> 3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4"> 4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5"> 5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6"> 6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-7"> 7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-8"> 8</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-9"> 9</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-10">10</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-11">11</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="c1">// &quot;inline&quot; middleware, best if in own class</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Use</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">async</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Do work that doesn&#39;t write to the Response.</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">await</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Invoke</span><span class="p">();</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Do logging or other work that doesn&#39;t write to the Response.</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7"></a><span class="p">});</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">async</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">context</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-10" name="__codelineno-1-10"></a><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-11" name="__codelineno-1-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// no invocation of next</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-12" name="__codelineno-1-12"></a><span class="p">});</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h2 id="middleware-order">Middleware Order</h2>
<p><img alt="middleware-pipeline" src="../../../img/dotnet_middleware-pipeline.avif" />
<img alt="mvc-endpoint" src="../../../img/dotnet_mvc-endpoint.avif" /></p>
<p>The Endpoint middleware executes the filter pipeline for the corresponding app type.</p>
<p>The order that middleware components are added in the <code>Startup.Configure</code> method defines the order in which the middleware components are invoked on requests and the reverse order for the response. The order is <strong>critical</strong> for security, performance, and functionality.</p>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1"> 1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2"> 2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3"> 3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4"> 4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5"> 5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-6"> 6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-7"> 7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-8"> 8</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-9"> 9</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-10">10</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-11">11</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-12">12</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-13">13</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-14">14</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-15">15</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-16">16</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-17">17</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-18">18</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-19">19</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-20">20</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-21">21</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-22">22</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-23">23</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-24">24</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-25">25</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-26">26</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-27">27</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-28">28</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-29">29</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-30">30</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">env</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">IsDevelopment</span><span class="p">())</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseDeveloperExceptionPage</span><span class="p">();</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseDatabaseErrorPage</span><span class="p">();</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6"></a><span class="k">else</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7"></a><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseExceptionHandler</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;/Error&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-9" name="__codelineno-2-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseHsts</span><span class="p">();</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-10" name="__codelineno-2-10"></a><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-11" name="__codelineno-2-11"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-2-12" name="__codelineno-2-12"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseHttpsRedirection</span><span class="p">();</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-13" name="__codelineno-2-13"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseStaticFiles</span><span class="p">();</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-14" name="__codelineno-2-14"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseCookiePolicy</span><span class="p">();</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-15" name="__codelineno-2-15"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-2-16" name="__codelineno-2-16"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseRouting</span><span class="p">();</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-17" name="__codelineno-2-17"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseRequestLocalization</span><span class="p">();</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-18" name="__codelineno-2-18"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseCors</span><span class="p">();</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-19" name="__codelineno-2-19"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-2-20" name="__codelineno-2-20"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseAuthentication</span><span class="p">();</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-21" name="__codelineno-2-21"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseAuthorization</span><span class="p">();</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-22" name="__codelineno-2-22"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseSession</span><span class="p">();</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-23" name="__codelineno-2-23"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseResponseCompression</span><span class="p">();</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-24" name="__codelineno-2-24"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseResponseCaching</span><span class="p">();</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-25" name="__codelineno-2-25"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-2-26" name="__codelineno-2-26"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseEndpoints</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">endpoints</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-27" name="__codelineno-2-27"></a><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-28" name="__codelineno-2-28"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">endpoints</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">MapRazorPages</span><span class="p">();</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-29" name="__codelineno-2-29"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">endpoints</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">MapControllers</span><span class="p">();</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-30" name="__codelineno-2-30"></a><span class="p">});</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<p><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/aspnet/core/fundamentals/middleware/#built-in-middleware">Built-in Middleware</a></p>
<h2 id="branching-the-middleware-pipeline">Branching the Middleware Pipeline</h2>
<p><code>Map</code> extensions are used as a convention for branching the pipeline. <code>Map</code> branches the request pipeline based on matches of the given request path.
If the request path starts with the given path, the branch is executed.</p>
<p>When <code>Map</code> is used, the matched path segments are removed from <code>HttpRequest.Path</code> and appended to <code>HttpRequest.PathBase</code> for each request.</p>
<p><code>MapWhen</code> branches the request pipeline based on the result of the given predicate.
Any <em>predicate</em> of type <code>Func&lt;HttpContext, bool&gt;</code> can be used to map requests to a new branch of the pipeline.</p>
<p><code>UseWhen</code> also branches the request pipeline based on the result of the given predicate.
Unlike with <code>MapWhen</code>, this branch is rejoined to the main pipeline if it doesn't short-circuit or contain a terminal middleware.</p>
<h2 id="custom-middleware-classes">Custom Middleware Classes</h2>
<p>Middleware is generally encapsulated in a class and exposed with an extension method.</p>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1"> 1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2"> 2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3"> 3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4"> 4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-5"> 5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-6"> 6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-7"> 7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-8"> 8</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-9"> 9</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-10">10</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-11">11</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-12">12</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-13">13</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-14">14</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-15">15</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-16">16</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">CustomMiddleware</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">private</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">readonly</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">RequestDelegate</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_next</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">CustomMiddleware</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">RequestDelegate</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">_next</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-8" name="__codelineno-3-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-9" name="__codelineno-3-9"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-3-10" name="__codelineno-3-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">async</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Task</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">InvokeAsync</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">HttpContext</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-11" name="__codelineno-3-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-12" name="__codelineno-3-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Do work that doesn&#39;t write to the Response.</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-13" name="__codelineno-3-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">await</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">_next</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Call the next delegate/middleware in the pipeline</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-14" name="__codelineno-3-14"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Do logging or other work that doesn&#39;t write to the Response.</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-15" name="__codelineno-3-15"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-16" name="__codelineno-3-16"></a><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<p>The middleware class <strong>must</strong> include:</p>
<ul>
<li>A public constructor with a parameter of type <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/microsoft.aspnetcore.http.requestdelegate">RequestDelegate</a>.</li>
<li>A public method named <code>Invoke</code> or <code>InvokeAsync</code>. This method must:</li>
<li>Return a <code>Task</code>.</li>
<li>Accept a first parameter of type <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/microsoft.aspnetcore.http.httpcontext">HttpContext</a>.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="middleware-extension-methods">Middleware Extension Methods</h2>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4">4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5">5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-6">6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-7">7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-8">8</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="k">using</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">Microsoft.AspNetCore.Builder</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">MiddlewareExtensions</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IApplicationBuilder</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">UseCustom</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">this</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IApplicationBuilder</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">builder</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-7" name="__codelineno-4-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">builder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseMiddleware</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">CustomMiddleware</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">();</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-8" name="__codelineno-4-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-9" name="__codelineno-4-9"></a><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">C#</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-4">4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="c1">// other middlewares</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseCustom</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// add custom middleware in the pipeline</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5"></a><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UseEndpoints</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">endpoints</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">endpoints</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">MapControllers</span><span class="p">());</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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