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Namespace
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Integers
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Double
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Mathematical Operators
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Mathematical Functions
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Strings
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String Concatenation
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String Functions
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Constants
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Array
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Multi Dimensional Array (Matrix)
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Array Printing
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Array Functions
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Associative Arrays
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Conditional Operators
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Logical Operators
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
Ternary Operator
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
NULL Coalesce
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Spaceship Operator
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
If - Elseif - Else
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Switch Case
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Loops
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For, Foreach
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While, Do-While
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Break, Continue, exit()
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Functions
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Void function
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Passing a parameter by reference (&amp;$)
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Variable number of parameters, variadic operator (...)
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Nullable parameters
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Anonymous Functions (Closure)
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Use Operator
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Union Types (PHP 8)
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Git
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GraphQL
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RegEx
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#multi-dimensional-array-matrix" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Multi Dimensional Array (Matrix)
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#array-printing" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Array Printing
</span>
</a>
</li>
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<a href="#array-functions" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Array Functions
</span>
</a>
</li>
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<a href="#associative-arrays" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Associative Arrays
</span>
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</li>
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</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#conditional-instructions" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conditional Instructions
</span>
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<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Conditional Instructions">
<ul class="md-nav__list">
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#conditional-operators" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Conditional Operators
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#logical-operators" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Logical Operators
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#ternary-operator" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Ternary Operator
</span>
</a>
</li>
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<a href="#null-coalesce" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
NULL Coalesce
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#spaceship-operator" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Spaceship Operator
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#if-elseif-else" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
If - Elseif - Else
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#switch-case" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Switch Case
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#match-expression-php-8" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Match Expression (PHP 8)
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#loops" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Loops
</span>
</a>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Loops">
<ul class="md-nav__list">
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#for-foreach" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
For, Foreach
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#while-do-while" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
While, Do-While
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#break-continue-exit" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Break, Continue, exit()
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
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</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#functions" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Functions
</span>
</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#void-function" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Void function
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#passing-a-parameter-by-reference" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Passing a parameter by reference (&amp;$)
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#variable-number-of-parameters-variadic-operator" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Variable number of parameters, variadic operator (...)
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#nullable-parameters" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Nullable parameters
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#anonymous-functions-closure" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Anonymous Functions (Closure)
</span>
</a>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Anonymous Functions (Closure)">
<ul class="md-nav__list">
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#use-operator" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Use Operator
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#union-types-php-8" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Union Types (PHP 8)
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#named-arguments-php-8" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Named Arguments (PHP 8)
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#object-oriented-programming" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Object Oriented Programming
</span>
</a>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Object Oriented Programming">
<ul class="md-nav__list">
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#scope-visibility" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Scope &amp; Visibility
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#class-declaration-instantiation" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Class Declaration &amp; Instantiation
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#static-classes-attributes-methods" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Static classes, attributes &amp; methods
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#dependency-injection" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Dependency Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#inheritance" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Inheritance
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#abstract-class" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Abstract Class
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#interface" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Interface
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#traits" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Traits
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#anonymous-classes" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Anonymous Classes
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#serialization-json" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Serialization &amp; JSON
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#files" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Files
</span>
</a>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Files">
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#readwrite-on-files" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Read/Write on Files
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#regular-expressions" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Regular Expressions
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#hashing" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Hashing
</span>
</a>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Hashing">
<ul class="md-nav__list">
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#password-hashes" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Password Hashes
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#errors" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Errors
</span>
</a>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Errors">
<ul class="md-nav__list">
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#error-reporting" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Error Reporting
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#triggering-errors" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Triggering Errors
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#writing-in-the-log-file" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Writing in the Log File
</span>
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</li>
</ul>
</nav>
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<a href="#exception-handling" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Exception Handling
</span>
</a>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Exception Handling">
<ul class="md-nav__list">
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#custom-exceptions" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Custom Exceptions
</span>
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</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
<article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
<h1 id="php">PHP</h1>
<p><a href="https://www.php.net/docs.php">PHP Docs</a></p>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="x">declare(strict_types=1); # activates variable type checking on function arguments</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="x"># single line comment</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="x">//single line comment</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="x">/* multi line comment */</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h2 id="include-require">Include, Require</h2>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4">4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="x">include &quot;path\\file.php&quot;; # import an external php file, E_WARNING if fails</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="x">include_once &quot;path\\file.php&quot;; # imports only if not already loaded</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="x">require &quot;path\\file.php&quot;; # import an external php file, E_COMPILE_ERROR if fails</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="x">require_once &quot;path\\file.php&quot;; # imports only if not already loaded</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="import-configs-from-a-file-with-include">Import configs from a file with <code>include</code></h3>
<p>In <code>config.php</code>:</p>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4">4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5">5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-6">6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="x">//config.php</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="x">//store configuration options in associative array</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="x">return [</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a><span class="x"> setting =&gt; value,</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6"></a><span class="x"> setting = value,</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7"></a><span class="x">]</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="x">$config = include &quot;config.php&quot;; // retrieve config and store into variable</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h2 id="namespace">Namespace</h2>
<p><a href="https://www.php-fig.org/psr/psr-4/">PSR-4 Spec</a></p>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1"> 1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2"> 2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3"> 3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4"> 4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5"> 5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-6"> 6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-7"> 7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-8"> 8</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-9"> 9</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-10">10</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-11">11</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-12">12</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-13">13</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-14">14</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-15">15</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-16">16</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-17">17</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-18">18</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-19">19</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-20">20</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-21">21</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-22">22</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="x">namespace Foo\Bar\Baz; # set namespace for all file contents, \ for nested namespaces</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="x">use &lt;PHP_Class&gt; # using a namespace hides standard php classes (WHY?!?)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a><span class="x"># namespace for only a block of code</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6"></a><span class="x">namespace Foo\Bar\Baz {</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-7" name="__codelineno-4-7"></a><span class="x"> function func() {</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-8" name="__codelineno-4-8"></a><span class="x"> # coded here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-9" name="__codelineno-4-9"></a><span class="x"> }</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-10" name="__codelineno-4-10"></a><span class="x">};</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-11" name="__codelineno-4-11"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-4-12" name="__codelineno-4-12"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-4-13" name="__codelineno-4-13"></a><span class="x">Foo\Bar\Baz\func(); # use function from Foo\Bar\Baz without USE instruction</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-14" name="__codelineno-4-14"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-4-15" name="__codelineno-4-15"></a><span class="x">use Foo\Bar\Baz\func; # import namespace</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-16" name="__codelineno-4-16"></a><span class="x">func(); # use function from Foo\Bar\Baz</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-17" name="__codelineno-4-17"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-4-18" name="__codelineno-4-18"></a><span class="x">use Foo\Bar\Baz\func as f; # use function with an alias</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-19" name="__codelineno-4-19"></a><span class="x">f(); # use function from Foo\Bar\Baz</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-20" name="__codelineno-4-20"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-4-21" name="__codelineno-4-21"></a><span class="x">use Foo\Bar\Baz as fbb # use namespace with alias</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-22" name="__codelineno-4-22"></a><span class="x">fnn\func(); # use function from Foo\Bar\Baz</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h2 id="basics">Basics</h2>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="x">declare(strict_types=1); # activates type checking</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="x"># single line comment</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a><span class="x">//single line comment</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4"></a><span class="x">/* multi line comment */</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="screen-output">Screen Output</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="x">echo &quot;string&quot;; # string output</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2"></a><span class="x">echo &#39;string\n&#39;; # raw string output</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3"></a><span class="x">printf(&quot;format&quot;, $variables); # formatted output of strings and variables</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4"></a><span class="x">sprintf(&quot;format&quot;, $variables); # return formatted string</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="user-input">User Input</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1"> 1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-2"> 2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-3"> 3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-4"> 4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-5"> 5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-6"> 6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-7"> 7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-8"> 8</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-9"> 9</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-10">10</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-11">11</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-12">12</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-13">13</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-14">14</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="x">$var = readline(&quot;prompt&quot;);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3"></a><span class="x"># if readline is not installed</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4"></a><span class="x">if (!function_exists(&#39;readline&#39;)) {</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-5" name="__codelineno-7-5"></a><span class="x"> function readline($prompt)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-6" name="__codelineno-7-6"></a><span class="x"> {</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-7" name="__codelineno-7-7"></a><span class="x"> $fh = fopen(&#39;php://stdin&#39;, &#39;r&#39;);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-8" name="__codelineno-7-8"></a><span class="x"> echo $prompt;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-9" name="__codelineno-7-9"></a><span class="x"> $userInput = trim(fgets($fh));</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-10" name="__codelineno-7-10"></a><span class="x"> fclose($fh);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-11" name="__codelineno-7-11"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-7-12" name="__codelineno-7-12"></a><span class="x"> return $userInput;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-13" name="__codelineno-7-13"></a><span class="x"> }</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-14" name="__codelineno-7-14"></a><span class="x">}</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h2 id="variables">Variables</h2>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="x">$variableName = value; # weakly typed</span>
<a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2"></a><span class="x">echo gettype(&amp;variable); # output type of variable</span>
<a id="__codelineno-8-3" name="__codelineno-8-3"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-8-4" name="__codelineno-8-4"></a><span class="x">var_dump($var); # prints info of variable (bit dimension, type &amp; value)</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="integers">Integers</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-4">4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-5">5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-6">6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-7">7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="x">&amp;max = PHP_INT_MAX; # max value for int type -&gt; 9223372036854775807</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-2" name="__codelineno-9-2"></a><span class="x">&amp;min = PHP_INT_MIN; # min value for int type -&gt; -9223372036854775808</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-3" name="__codelineno-9-3"></a><span class="x">&amp;bytes = PHP_INT_SIZE; # bytes for int type -&gt; 8</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-4" name="__codelineno-9-4"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-9-5" name="__codelineno-9-5"></a><span class="x">&amp;num = 255; # decimal</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-6" name="__codelineno-9-6"></a><span class="x">&amp;num = 0b11111111; # binary</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-7" name="__codelineno-9-7"></a><span class="x">&amp;num = 0377; # octal</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-8" name="__codelineno-9-8"></a><span class="x">&amp;num = 0xff; # hexadecimal</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="double">Double</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1"></a><span class="x">$a = 1.234; // 1.234</span>
<a id="__codelineno-10-2" name="__codelineno-10-2"></a><span class="x">$b = 1.2e3; // 1200</span>
<a id="__codelineno-10-3" name="__codelineno-10-3"></a><span class="x">$c = 7E-10; // 0.0000000007</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="mathematical-operators">Mathematical Operators</h3>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Operator</th>
<th>Operation</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>-</code></td>
<td>Subtraction</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>*</code></td>
<td>Multiplication</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>/</code></td>
<td>Division</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>%</code></td>
<td>Modulo</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>**</code></td>
<td>Exponentiation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>var++</code></td>
<td>Post Increment</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>++var</code></td>
<td>Pre Increment</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>var--</code></td>
<td>Post Decrement</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>--var</code></td>
<td>Pre Decrement</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 id="mathematical-functions">Mathematical Functions</h3>
<ul>
<li><code>sqrt($x)</code></li>
<li><code>sin($x)</code></li>
<li><code>cos($x)</code></li>
<li><code>log($x)</code></li>
<li><code>round($x)</code></li>
<li><code>floor($x)</code></li>
<li><code>ceil($x)</code></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="strings">Strings</h2>
<p>A string is a sequence of ASCII characters. In PHP a string is an array of characters.</p>
<h3 id="string-concatenation">String Concatenation</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-11-1" name="__codelineno-11-1"></a><span class="x">$string1 . $string2; # method 1</span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-2" name="__codelineno-11-2"></a><span class="x">$string1 .= $string2; # method 2</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="string-functions">String Functions</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-4">4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-5">5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-6">6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-7">7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-8">8</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1"></a><span class="x">strlen($string); # returns the string length</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-2" name="__codelineno-12-2"></a><span class="x">strpos($string, &#39;substring&#39;); # position of substring in string</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-3" name="__codelineno-12-3"></a><span class="x">substr($string, start, len); # extract substring of len from position start</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-4" name="__codelineno-12-4"></a><span class="x">strtoupper($string); # transform to uppercase</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-5" name="__codelineno-12-5"></a><span class="x">strtolower($string); # transform to lowercase</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-6" name="__codelineno-12-6"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-12-7" name="__codelineno-12-7"></a><span class="x">explode(delimiter, string); # return array of substrings</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-8" name="__codelineno-12-8"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-12-9" name="__codelineno-12-9"></a><span class="x">$var = sprintf(&quot;format&quot;, $variables) # construct and return a formatted string</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h2 id="constants">Constants</h2>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-13-1" name="__codelineno-13-1"></a><span class="x">define (&#39;CONSTANT_NAME&#39;, &#39;value&#39;)</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="magic-constants-__name__">Magic Constants <code>__NAME__</code></h3>
<ul>
<li><code>__FILE__</code>: script path + script filename</li>
<li><code>__DIR__</code>: file directory</li>
<li><code>__LINE__</code>: current line number</li>
<li><code>__FUNCTION__</code>: the function name, or {closure} for anonymous functions.</li>
<li><code>__CLASS__</code>: name of the class</li>
<li><code>__NAMESPACE__</code>: the name of the current namespace.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="array">Array</h2>
<p>Heterogeneous sequence of values.</p>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-4">4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-5">5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-6">6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-7">7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-14-1" name="__codelineno-14-1"></a><span class="x">$array = (sequence_of_items); # array declaration and valorization</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-2" name="__codelineno-14-2"></a><span class="x">$array = [sequence_of_items]; # array declaration and valorization</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-3" name="__codelineno-14-3"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-14-4" name="__codelineno-14-4"></a><span class="x"># index &lt; 0 selects items starting from the last</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-5" name="__codelineno-14-5"></a><span class="x">$array[index]; # access to the items</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-6" name="__codelineno-14-6"></a><span class="x">$array[index] = value; # array valorization (can add items)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-7" name="__codelineno-14-7"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-14-8" name="__codelineno-14-8"></a><span class="x">$array[] = value; # value appending</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="multi-dimensional-array-matrix">Multi Dimensional Array (Matrix)</h3>
<p>Array of array. Can have arbitrary number of nested array</p>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-4">4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-15-1" name="__codelineno-15-1"></a><span class="x">$matrix = [</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-2" name="__codelineno-15-2"></a><span class="x"> [1, 2, 3],</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-3" name="__codelineno-15-3"></a><span class="x"> [4, 5, 6],</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-4" name="__codelineno-15-4"></a><span class="x"> [7, 8, 9]</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-5" name="__codelineno-15-5"></a><span class="x">];</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="array-printing">Array Printing</h3>
<p>Single instruction to print whole array is ``</p>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-16-1" name="__codelineno-16-1"></a><span class="x">$array = [1, 2, 3];</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-2" name="__codelineno-16-2"></a><span class="x">print_r($array); # print all the array values</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="array-functions">Array Functions</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-1"> 1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-2"> 2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-3"> 3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-4"> 4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-5"> 5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-6"> 6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-7"> 7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-8"> 8</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-9"> 9</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-10">10</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-11">11</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-12">12</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-13">13</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-14">14</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-15">15</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-16">16</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-17">17</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-18">18</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-19">19</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-20">20</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-21">21</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-17-1" name="__codelineno-17-1"></a><span class="x">count($array); # returns number of items in the array</span>
<a id="__codelineno-17-2" name="__codelineno-17-2"></a><span class="x">array_sum($array) # sum of the array value</span>
<a id="__codelineno-17-3" name="__codelineno-17-3"></a><span class="x">sort($array); # quick sort</span>
<a id="__codelineno-17-4" name="__codelineno-17-4"></a><span class="x">in_array($item, $array); // check if item is in the array</span>
<a id="__codelineno-17-5" name="__codelineno-17-5"></a><span class="x">array_push($array, $item); // append item to the array</span>
<a id="__codelineno-17-6" name="__codelineno-17-6"></a><span class="x">unset($array[index]); # item (or variable) deletion</span>
<a id="__codelineno-17-7" name="__codelineno-17-7"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-17-8" name="__codelineno-17-8"></a><span class="x"># array navigation</span>
<a id="__codelineno-17-9" name="__codelineno-17-9"></a><span class="x">current();</span>
<a id="__codelineno-17-10" name="__codelineno-17-10"></a><span class="x">key();</span>
<a id="__codelineno-17-11" name="__codelineno-17-11"></a><span class="x">next();</span>
<a id="__codelineno-17-12" name="__codelineno-17-12"></a><span class="x">prev();</span>
<a id="__codelineno-17-13" name="__codelineno-17-13"></a><span class="x">reset();</span>
<a id="__codelineno-17-14" name="__codelineno-17-14"></a><span class="x">end();</span>
<a id="__codelineno-17-15" name="__codelineno-17-15"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-17-16" name="__codelineno-17-16"></a><span class="x"># sorting</span>
<a id="__codelineno-17-17" name="__codelineno-17-17"></a><span class="x">sort($array, $sort_flags=&quot;SORT_REGULAR&quot;);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-17-18" name="__codelineno-17-18"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-17-19" name="__codelineno-17-19"></a><span class="x">array_values($array); # regenerates the array fixing the indexes</span>
<a id="__codelineno-17-20" name="__codelineno-17-20"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-17-21" name="__codelineno-17-21"></a><span class="x">list($array1 [, $array2, ...]) = $data; # Python-like tuple unpacking</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="associative-arrays">Associative Arrays</h3>
<p>Associative arrays have a value as an index. Alternative names are <em>hash tables</em> or <em>dictionaries</em>.</p>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-1"> 1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-2"> 2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-3"> 3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-4"> 4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-5"> 5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-6"> 6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-7"> 7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-8"> 8</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-9"> 9</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-10">10</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-11">11</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-18-1" name="__codelineno-18-1"></a><span class="x">$italianDay = [</span>
<a id="__codelineno-18-2" name="__codelineno-18-2"></a><span class="x"> &#39;Mon&#39; =&gt; &#39;Lunedì&#39;,</span>
<a id="__codelineno-18-3" name="__codelineno-18-3"></a><span class="x"> &#39;Tue&#39; =&gt; &#39;Martedì&#39;,</span>
<a id="__codelineno-18-4" name="__codelineno-18-4"></a><span class="x"> &#39;Wed&#39; =&gt; &#39;Mercoledì&#39;,</span>
<a id="__codelineno-18-5" name="__codelineno-18-5"></a><span class="x"> &#39;Thu&#39; =&gt; &#39;Giovedì&#39;,</span>
<a id="__codelineno-18-6" name="__codelineno-18-6"></a><span class="x"> &#39;Fri&#39; =&gt; &#39;Venerdì&#39;,</span>
<a id="__codelineno-18-7" name="__codelineno-18-7"></a><span class="x"> &#39;Sat&#39; =&gt; &#39;Sabato&#39;,</span>
<a id="__codelineno-18-8" name="__codelineno-18-8"></a><span class="x"> &#39;Sun&#39; =&gt; &#39;Domenica&#39;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-18-9" name="__codelineno-18-9"></a><span class="x">];</span>
<a id="__codelineno-18-10" name="__codelineno-18-10"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-18-11" name="__codelineno-18-11"></a><span class="x">$italianDay[&quot;Mon&quot;]; # evaluates to Lunedì</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h2 id="conditional-instructions">Conditional Instructions</h2>
<h3 id="conditional-operators">Conditional Operators</h3>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Operator</th>
<th>Operation</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>$a <code>==</code> $b</td>
<td>value equality</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$a <code>===</code> $b</td>
<td>value &amp; type equality</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$a <code>!=</code> $b</td>
<td>value inequality</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$a <code>&lt;&gt;</code> $b</td>
<td>value inequality</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$a <code>!==</code> $b</td>
<td>value or type inequality</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$a <code>&lt;</code> $b</td>
<td>less than</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$a <code>&gt;</code> $b</td>
<td>greater than</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$a <code>&lt;=</code> $b</td>
<td>less or equal to</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$a <code>&gt;=</code> $b</td>
<td>greater or equal to</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$a <code>&lt;=&gt;</code> $b</td>
<td>spaceship operator</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>With <code>==</code> a string evaluates to <code>0</code>.</p>
<h3 id="logical-operators">Logical Operators</h3>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Operator</th>
<th>Example</th>
<th>Result</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>and</code></td>
<td><code>$a and $b</code></td>
<td>TRUE if both <code>$a</code> and <code>$b</code> are TRUE.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>or</code></td>
<td><code>$a or $b</code></td>
<td>TRUE if either <code>$a</code> or <code>$b</code> is TRUE.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>xor</code></td>
<td><code>$a xor $b</code></td>
<td>TRUE if either <code>$a</code> or <code>$b</code> is TRUE, but <em>not both</em>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>not</code></td>
<td><code>!$a</code></td>
<td>TRUE if <code>$a</code> is <em>not</em> TRUE.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>and</code></td>
<td><code>$a &amp;&amp; $b</code></td>
<td>TRUE if both <code>$a</code> and <code>$b</code> are TRUE.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>or</code></td>
<td><code>$a || $b</code></td>
<td>TRUE if either <code>$a</code> or <code>$b</code> is TRUE.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 id="ternary-operator">Ternary Operator</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-19-1" name="__codelineno-19-1"></a><span class="x">condition ? result_if_true : result_if_false;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-19-2" name="__codelineno-19-2"></a><span class="x">condition ?: result_if_false;</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="null-coalesce">NULL Coalesce</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-20-1" name="__codelineno-20-1"></a><span class="x">$var1 = $var2 ?? value; # if variable == NULL assign value, otherwise return value of $var2</span>
<a id="__codelineno-20-2" name="__codelineno-20-2"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-20-3" name="__codelineno-20-3"></a><span class="x"># equivalent to</span>
<a id="__codelineno-20-4" name="__codelineno-20-4"></a><span class="x">$var1 = isset($var2) ? $var2 : value</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="spaceship-operator">Spaceship Operator</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-4">4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-5">5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-6">6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-7">7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-8">8</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-21-1" name="__codelineno-21-1"></a><span class="x">$a &lt;=&gt; $b;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-21-2" name="__codelineno-21-2"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-21-3" name="__codelineno-21-3"></a><span class="x"># equivalent to</span>
<a id="__codelineno-21-4" name="__codelineno-21-4"></a><span class="x">if $a &gt; $b</span>
<a id="__codelineno-21-5" name="__codelineno-21-5"></a><span class="x"> return 1;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-21-6" name="__codelineno-21-6"></a><span class="x">if $a == $b</span>
<a id="__codelineno-21-7" name="__codelineno-21-7"></a><span class="x"> return 0;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-21-8" name="__codelineno-21-8"></a><span class="x">if $a &lt; $b</span>
<a id="__codelineno-21-9" name="__codelineno-21-9"></a><span class="x"> return -1;</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="if-elseif-else"><code>If</code> - <code>Elseif</code> - <code>Else</code></h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-1"> 1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-2"> 2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-3"> 3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-4"> 4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-5"> 5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-6"> 6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-7"> 7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-8"> 8</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-9"> 9</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-10">10</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-11">11</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-12">12</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-13">13</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-14">14</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-15">15</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-22-1" name="__codelineno-22-1"></a><span class="x">if (condition) {</span>
<a id="__codelineno-22-2" name="__codelineno-22-2"></a><span class="x"> # code here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-22-3" name="__codelineno-22-3"></a><span class="x">} elseif (condition) {</span>
<a id="__codelineno-22-4" name="__codelineno-22-4"></a><span class="x"> # code here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-22-5" name="__codelineno-22-5"></a><span class="x">} else {</span>
<a id="__codelineno-22-6" name="__codelineno-22-6"></a><span class="x"> # code here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-22-7" name="__codelineno-22-7"></a><span class="x">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-22-8" name="__codelineno-22-8"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-22-9" name="__codelineno-22-9"></a><span class="x">if (condition) :</span>
<a id="__codelineno-22-10" name="__codelineno-22-10"></a><span class="x"> # code here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-22-11" name="__codelineno-22-11"></a><span class="x">elseif (condition):</span>
<a id="__codelineno-22-12" name="__codelineno-22-12"></a><span class="x"> # code here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-22-13" name="__codelineno-22-13"></a><span class="x">else:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-22-14" name="__codelineno-22-14"></a><span class="x"> # code here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-22-15" name="__codelineno-22-15"></a><span class="x">endif;</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="switch-case">Switch Case</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-1"> 1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-2"> 2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-3"> 3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-4"> 4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-5"> 5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-6"> 6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-7"> 7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-8"> 8</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-9"> 9</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-10">10</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-11">11</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-12">12</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-13">13</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-14">14</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-15">15</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-16">16</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-17">17</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-18">18</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-19">19</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-23-1" name="__codelineno-23-1"></a><span class="x"># weak comparison</span>
<a id="__codelineno-23-2" name="__codelineno-23-2"></a><span class="x">switch ($var) {</span>
<a id="__codelineno-23-3" name="__codelineno-23-3"></a><span class="x"> case value:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-23-4" name="__codelineno-23-4"></a><span class="x"> # code here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-23-5" name="__codelineno-23-5"></a><span class="x"> break;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-23-6" name="__codelineno-23-6"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-23-7" name="__codelineno-23-7"></a><span class="x"> default:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-23-8" name="__codelineno-23-8"></a><span class="x"> # code here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-23-9" name="__codelineno-23-9"></a><span class="x">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-23-10" name="__codelineno-23-10"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-23-11" name="__codelineno-23-11"></a><span class="x"># strong comparison</span>
<a id="__codelineno-23-12" name="__codelineno-23-12"></a><span class="x">switch (true) {</span>
<a id="__codelineno-23-13" name="__codelineno-23-13"></a><span class="x"> case $var === value:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-23-14" name="__codelineno-23-14"></a><span class="x"> # code here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-23-15" name="__codelineno-23-15"></a><span class="x"> break;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-23-16" name="__codelineno-23-16"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-23-17" name="__codelineno-23-17"></a><span class="x"> default:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-23-18" name="__codelineno-23-18"></a><span class="x"> # code here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-23-19" name="__codelineno-23-19"></a><span class="x">}</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="match-expression-php-8">Match Expression (PHP 8)</h3>
<p><code>match</code> can return values, doesn't require break statements, can combine conditions, uses strict type comparisons and doesn't do any type coercion.</p>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-24-1" name="__codelineno-24-1"></a><span class="x">$result = match($input) {</span>
<a id="__codelineno-24-2" name="__codelineno-24-2"></a><span class="x"> 0 =&gt; &quot;hello&quot;,</span>
<a id="__codelineno-24-3" name="__codelineno-24-3"></a><span class="x"> &#39;1&#39;, &#39;2&#39;, &#39;3&#39; =&gt; &quot;world&quot;,</span>
<a id="__codelineno-24-4" name="__codelineno-24-4"></a><span class="x">};</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h2 id="loops">Loops</h2>
<h3 id="for-foreach">For, Foreach</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-1"> 1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-2"> 2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-3"> 3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-4"> 4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-5"> 5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-6"> 6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-7"> 7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-8"> 8</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-9"> 9</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-10">10</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-11">11</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-12">12</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-13">13</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-14">14</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-15">15</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-16">16</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-17">17</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-18">18</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-19">19</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-20">20</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-25-1" name="__codelineno-25-1"></a><span class="x">for (init, condition, increment){</span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-2" name="__codelineno-25-2"></a><span class="x"> # code here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-3" name="__codelineno-25-3"></a><span class="x">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-4" name="__codelineno-25-4"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-25-5" name="__codelineno-25-5"></a><span class="x">for (init, condition, increment):</span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-6" name="__codelineno-25-6"></a><span class="x"> # code here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-7" name="__codelineno-25-7"></a><span class="x">endfor;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-8" name="__codelineno-25-8"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-25-9" name="__codelineno-25-9"></a><span class="x">foreach($sequence as $item) {</span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-10" name="__codelineno-25-10"></a><span class="x"> # code here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-11" name="__codelineno-25-11"></a><span class="x">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-12" name="__codelineno-25-12"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-25-13" name="__codelineno-25-13"></a><span class="x">foreach($sequence as $item):</span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-14" name="__codelineno-25-14"></a><span class="x"> # code here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-15" name="__codelineno-25-15"></a><span class="x">endforeach;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-16" name="__codelineno-25-16"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-25-17" name="__codelineno-25-17"></a><span class="x"># foreach on dicts</span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-18" name="__codelineno-25-18"></a><span class="x">foreach($sequence as $key =&gt; $value) {</span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-19" name="__codelineno-25-19"></a><span class="x"> # code here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-20" name="__codelineno-25-20"></a><span class="x">}</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="while-do-while">While, Do-While</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-1"> 1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-2"> 2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-3"> 3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-4"> 4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-5"> 5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-6"> 6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-7"> 7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-8"> 8</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-9"> 9</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-10">10</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-11">11</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-26-1" name="__codelineno-26-1"></a><span class="x">while (condition) {</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-2" name="__codelineno-26-2"></a><span class="x"> # code here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-3" name="__codelineno-26-3"></a><span class="x">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-4" name="__codelineno-26-4"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-26-5" name="__codelineno-26-5"></a><span class="x">while (condition):</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-6" name="__codelineno-26-6"></a><span class="x"> # code here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-7" name="__codelineno-26-7"></a><span class="x">endwhile;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-8" name="__codelineno-26-8"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-26-9" name="__codelineno-26-9"></a><span class="x">do {</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-10" name="__codelineno-26-10"></a><span class="x"> # code here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-11" name="__codelineno-26-11"></a><span class="x">} while (condition);</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="break-continue-exit">Break, Continue, exit()</h3>
<p><code>break</code> stops the iteration.<br />
<code>continue</code> skips one cycle of the iteration.
<code>exit()</code> terminates the execution of any PHP code.</p>
<h2 id="functions">Functions</h2>
<p><a href="https://make.wordpress.org/core/handbook/best-practices/inline-documentation-standards/php/">Function Docstring</a></p>
<p>Parameters with default values are optional in the function call and must be the last ones in the function declaration. Return type is optional if type checking is disabled.</p>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-1"> 1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-2"> 2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-3"> 3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-4"> 4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-5"> 5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-6"> 6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-7"> 7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-8"> 8</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-9"> 9</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-10">10</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-11">11</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-12">12</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-13">13</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-14">14</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-15">15</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-16">16</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-17">17</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-18">18</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-19">19</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-20">20</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-21">21</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-22">22</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-23">23</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-27-1" name="__codelineno-27-1"></a><span class="x">declare(strict_types=1); # activates type checking</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-2" name="__codelineno-27-2"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-27-3" name="__codelineno-27-3"></a><span class="x">/**</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-4" name="__codelineno-27-4"></a><span class="x"> * Summary.</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-5" name="__codelineno-27-5"></a><span class="x"> *</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-6" name="__codelineno-27-6"></a><span class="x"> * Description.</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-7" name="__codelineno-27-7"></a><span class="x"> *</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-8" name="__codelineno-27-8"></a><span class="x"> * @since x.x.x</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-9" name="__codelineno-27-9"></a><span class="x"> *</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-10" name="__codelineno-27-10"></a><span class="x"> * @see Function/method/class relied on</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-11" name="__codelineno-27-11"></a><span class="x"> * @link URL</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-12" name="__codelineno-27-12"></a><span class="x"> * @global type $varname Description.</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-13" name="__codelineno-27-13"></a><span class="x"> * @global type $varname Description.</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-14" name="__codelineno-27-14"></a><span class="x"> *</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-15" name="__codelineno-27-15"></a><span class="x"> * @param type $var Description.</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-16" name="__codelineno-27-16"></a><span class="x"> * @param type $var Optional. Description. Default.</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-17" name="__codelineno-27-17"></a><span class="x"> * @return type Description.</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-18" name="__codelineno-27-18"></a><span class="x"> */</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-19" name="__codelineno-27-19"></a><span class="x">function functionName (type $parameter, $parameter = default_value): Type</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-20" name="__codelineno-27-20"></a><span class="x">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-21" name="__codelineno-27-21"></a><span class="x"> # code here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-22" name="__codelineno-27-22"></a><span class="x"> return &lt;expression&gt;;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-23" name="__codelineno-27-23"></a><span class="x">}</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="void-function">Void function</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-28-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-28-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-28-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-28-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-28-1" name="__codelineno-28-1"></a><span class="x">function functionName (type $parameter, $parameter = default_value): Void</span>
<a id="__codelineno-28-2" name="__codelineno-28-2"></a><span class="x">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-28-3" name="__codelineno-28-3"></a><span class="x"> # code here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-28-4" name="__codelineno-28-4"></a><span class="x">}</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="passing-a-parameter-by-reference">Passing a parameter by reference (<code>&amp;$</code>)</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-4">4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-29-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-29-1" name="__codelineno-29-1"></a><span class="x">function functionName (type &amp;$parameter): Type</span>
<a id="__codelineno-29-2" name="__codelineno-29-2"></a><span class="x">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-29-3" name="__codelineno-29-3"></a><span class="x"> # code here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-29-4" name="__codelineno-29-4"></a><span class="x"> return &lt;expression&gt;;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-29-5" name="__codelineno-29-5"></a><span class="x">}</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="variable-number-of-parameters-variadic-operator">Variable number of parameters, variadic operator (<code>...</code>)</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-4">4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-5">5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-30-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-30-1" name="__codelineno-30-1"></a><span class="x">function functionName (type $parameter, ...$args): Type</span>
<a id="__codelineno-30-2" name="__codelineno-30-2"></a><span class="x">function functionName (type $parameter, type ...$args): Type</span>
<a id="__codelineno-30-3" name="__codelineno-30-3"></a><span class="x">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-30-4" name="__codelineno-30-4"></a><span class="x"> # code here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-30-5" name="__codelineno-30-5"></a><span class="x"> return &lt;expression&gt;;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-30-6" name="__codelineno-30-6"></a><span class="x">}</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="nullable-parameters">Nullable parameters</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-4">4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-31-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-31-1" name="__codelineno-31-1"></a><span class="x">function functionName (?type $parameter): ?Type</span>
<a id="__codelineno-31-2" name="__codelineno-31-2"></a><span class="x">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-31-3" name="__codelineno-31-3"></a><span class="x"> # code here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-31-4" name="__codelineno-31-4"></a><span class="x"> return &lt;expression&gt;;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-31-5" name="__codelineno-31-5"></a><span class="x">}</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h2 id="anonymous-functions-closure">Anonymous Functions (Closure)</h2>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-4">4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-5">5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-32-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-32-1" name="__codelineno-32-1"></a><span class="x"># declaration and assignment to variable</span>
<a id="__codelineno-32-2" name="__codelineno-32-2"></a><span class="x">$var = function (type $parameter) {</span>
<a id="__codelineno-32-3" name="__codelineno-32-3"></a><span class="x"> # code here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-32-4" name="__codelineno-32-4"></a><span class="x">};</span>
<a id="__codelineno-32-5" name="__codelineno-32-5"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-32-6" name="__codelineno-32-6"></a><span class="x">$var($arg);</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="use-operator">Use Operator</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-33-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-33-1" name="__codelineno-33-1"></a><span class="x"># use imports a variable into the closure</span>
<a id="__codelineno-33-2" name="__codelineno-33-2"></a><span class="x">$foo = function (type $parameter) use ($average) {</span>
<a id="__codelineno-33-3" name="__codelineno-33-3"></a><span class="x"> # code here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-33-4" name="__codelineno-33-4"></a><span class="x">}</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="union-types-php-8">Union Types (PHP 8)</h3>
<p><strong>Union types</strong> are a collection of two or more types which indicate that <em>either</em> one of those <em>can be used</em>.</p>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-34-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-34-1" name="__codelineno-34-1"></a><span class="x">public function foo(Foo|Bar $input): int|float;</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="named-arguments-php-8">Named Arguments (PHP 8)</h3>
<p>Named arguments allow to pass in values to a function, by specifying the value name, to avoid taking their order into consideration.
It's also possible to skip optional parameters.</p>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-4">4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-5">5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-6">6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-35-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-35-1" name="__codelineno-35-1"></a><span class="x">function foo(string $a, string $b, ?string $c = null, ?string $d = null) { /* … */ }</span>
<a id="__codelineno-35-2" name="__codelineno-35-2"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-35-3" name="__codelineno-35-3"></a><span class="x">foo(</span>
<a id="__codelineno-35-4" name="__codelineno-35-4"></a><span class="x"> b: &#39;value b&#39;,</span>
<a id="__codelineno-35-5" name="__codelineno-35-5"></a><span class="x"> a: &#39;value a&#39;,</span>
<a id="__codelineno-35-6" name="__codelineno-35-6"></a><span class="x"> d: &#39;value d&#39;,</span>
<a id="__codelineno-35-7" name="__codelineno-35-7"></a><span class="x">);</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h2 id="object-oriented-programming">Object Oriented Programming</h2>
<h3 id="scope-visibility">Scope &amp; Visibility</h3>
<p><code>public</code> methods and attributes are visible to anyone (<em>default</em>).
<code>private</code> methods and attributes are visible only inside the class in which are declared.
<code>protected</code> methods and attributes are visible only to child classes.</p>
<p><code>final</code> classes cannot be extended.</p>
<h3 id="class-declaration-instantiation">Class Declaration &amp; Instantiation</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-1"> 1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-2"> 2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-3"> 3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-4"> 4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-5"> 5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-6"> 6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-7"> 7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-8"> 8</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-9"> 9</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-10">10</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-11">11</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-12">12</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-13">13</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-14">14</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-15">15</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-16">16</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-17">17</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-18">18</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-19">19</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-20">20</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-21">21</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-22">22</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-23">23</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-24">24</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-25">25</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-26">26</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-27">27</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-28">28</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-29">29</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-30">30</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-31">31</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-32">32</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-33">33</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-34">34</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-36-35">35</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-36-1" name="__codelineno-36-1"></a><span class="x"># case insensitive</span>
<a id="__codelineno-36-2" name="__codelineno-36-2"></a><span class="x">class ClassName</span>
<a id="__codelineno-36-3" name="__codelineno-36-3"></a><span class="x">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-36-4" name="__codelineno-36-4"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-36-5" name="__codelineno-36-5"></a><span class="x"> const CONSTANT = value; # public by default</span>
<a id="__codelineno-36-6" name="__codelineno-36-6"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-36-7" name="__codelineno-36-7"></a><span class="x"> public $attribute; # null by default if not assigned</span>
<a id="__codelineno-36-8" name="__codelineno-36-8"></a><span class="x"> public Type $attribute; # specifying the type is optional, it will be enforced if present</span>
<a id="__codelineno-36-9" name="__codelineno-36-9"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-36-10" name="__codelineno-36-10"></a><span class="x"> # class constructor</span>
<a id="__codelineno-36-11" name="__codelineno-36-11"></a><span class="x"> public function __construct(value)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-36-12" name="__codelineno-36-12"></a><span class="x"> {</span>
<a id="__codelineno-36-13" name="__codelineno-36-13"></a><span class="x"> $this-&gt;attribute = value</span>
<a id="__codelineno-36-14" name="__codelineno-36-14"></a><span class="x"> }</span>
<a id="__codelineno-36-15" name="__codelineno-36-15"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-36-16" name="__codelineno-36-16"></a><span class="x"> public getAttribute(): Type</span>
<a id="__codelineno-36-17" name="__codelineno-36-17"></a><span class="x"> {</span>
<a id="__codelineno-36-18" name="__codelineno-36-18"></a><span class="x"> return $this-&gt;attribute;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-36-19" name="__codelineno-36-19"></a><span class="x"> }</span>
<a id="__codelineno-36-20" name="__codelineno-36-20"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-36-21" name="__codelineno-36-21"></a><span class="x"> public function func(): Type</span>
<a id="__codelineno-36-22" name="__codelineno-36-22"></a><span class="x"> {</span>
<a id="__codelineno-36-23" name="__codelineno-36-23"></a><span class="x"> # code here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-36-24" name="__codelineno-36-24"></a><span class="x"> }</span>
<a id="__codelineno-36-25" name="__codelineno-36-25"></a><span class="x">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-36-26" name="__codelineno-36-26"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-36-27" name="__codelineno-36-27"></a><span class="x">$object = new ClassName; # case insensitive (CLASSNAME, ClassName, classname)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-36-28" name="__codelineno-36-28"></a><span class="x">$object-&gt;attribute = value;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-36-29" name="__codelineno-36-29"></a><span class="x">$object-&gt;func();</span>
<a id="__codelineno-36-30" name="__codelineno-36-30"></a><span class="x">$object::CONSTANT;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-36-31" name="__codelineno-36-31"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-36-32" name="__codelineno-36-32"></a><span class="x">$var = $object; # copy by reference</span>
<a id="__codelineno-36-33" name="__codelineno-36-33"></a><span class="x">$var = clone $object # copy by value</span>
<a id="__codelineno-36-34" name="__codelineno-36-34"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-36-35" name="__codelineno-36-35"></a><span class="x">$object instanceof ClassName // check type of the object</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="static-classes-attributes-methods">Static classes, attributes &amp; methods</h3>
<p>Inside static methods it's impossible to use <code>$this</code>.
A static variable is unique for the class and all instances.</p>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-1"> 1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-2"> 2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-3"> 3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-4"> 4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-5"> 5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-6"> 6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-7"> 7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-8"> 8</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-9"> 9</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-10">10</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-11">11</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-12">12</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-13">13</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-14">14</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-15">15</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-16">16</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-17">17</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-37-18">18</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-37-1" name="__codelineno-37-1"></a><span class="x">class ClassName {</span>
<a id="__codelineno-37-2" name="__codelineno-37-2"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-37-3" name="__codelineno-37-3"></a><span class="x"> public static $var;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-37-4" name="__codelineno-37-4"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-37-5" name="__codelineno-37-5"></a><span class="x"> public static function func(){</span>
<a id="__codelineno-37-6" name="__codelineno-37-6"></a><span class="x"> //code here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-37-7" name="__codelineno-37-7"></a><span class="x"> }</span>
<a id="__codelineno-37-8" name="__codelineno-37-8"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-37-9" name="__codelineno-37-9"></a><span class="x"> public static function other_func(){</span>
<a id="__codelineno-37-10" name="__codelineno-37-10"></a><span class="x"> //code here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-37-11" name="__codelineno-37-11"></a><span class="x"> self::func();</span>
<a id="__codelineno-37-12" name="__codelineno-37-12"></a><span class="x"> }</span>
<a id="__codelineno-37-13" name="__codelineno-37-13"></a><span class="x">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-37-14" name="__codelineno-37-14"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-37-15" name="__codelineno-37-15"></a><span class="x">ClassName::func(); // use static function</span>
<a id="__codelineno-37-16" name="__codelineno-37-16"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-37-17" name="__codelineno-37-17"></a><span class="x">$obj = new ClassName();</span>
<a id="__codelineno-37-18" name="__codelineno-37-18"></a><span class="x">$obj::$var; // access to the static variable</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="dependency-injection"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependency_injection">Dependency Injection</a></h3>
<p>Parameters of the dependency can be modified before passing the required class to the constructor.</p>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-4">4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-5">5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-6">6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-7">7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-8">8</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-38-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-38-1" name="__codelineno-38-1"></a><span class="x">class ClassName</span>
<a id="__codelineno-38-2" name="__codelineno-38-2"></a><span class="x">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-38-3" name="__codelineno-38-3"></a><span class="x"> private $dependency;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-38-4" name="__codelineno-38-4"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-38-5" name="__codelineno-38-5"></a><span class="x"> public function __construct(ClassName requiredClass)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-38-6" name="__codelineno-38-6"></a><span class="x"> {</span>
<a id="__codelineno-38-7" name="__codelineno-38-7"></a><span class="x"> $this-&gt;dependency = requiredClass; # necessary class is passed to the constructor</span>
<a id="__codelineno-38-8" name="__codelineno-38-8"></a><span class="x"> }</span>
<a id="__codelineno-38-9" name="__codelineno-38-9"></a><span class="x">}</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="inheritance">Inheritance</h3>
<p>If a class is defined <code>final</code> it can't be extended.
If a function is declared <code>final</code> it can't be overridden.</p>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-4">4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-5">5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-39-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-39-1" name="__codelineno-39-1"></a><span class="x">class Child extends Parent</span>
<a id="__codelineno-39-2" name="__codelineno-39-2"></a><span class="x">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-39-3" name="__codelineno-39-3"></a><span class="x"> public __construct() {</span>
<a id="__codelineno-39-4" name="__codelineno-39-4"></a><span class="x"> parent::__construct(); # call parent&#39;s method</span>
<a id="__codelineno-39-5" name="__codelineno-39-5"></a><span class="x"> }</span>
<a id="__codelineno-39-6" name="__codelineno-39-6"></a><span class="x">}</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="abstract-class">Abstract Class</h3>
<p>Abstract classes cannot be instantiated;</p>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-40-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-40-1" name="__codelineno-40-1"></a><span class="x">abstract class ClassName</span>
<a id="__codelineno-40-2" name="__codelineno-40-2"></a><span class="x">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-40-3" name="__codelineno-40-3"></a><span class="x"> # code here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-40-4" name="__codelineno-40-4"></a><span class="x">}</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="interface">Interface</h3>
<p>An interface is a "contract" that defines what methods the implementing classes <strong>must</strong> have and implement.</p>
<p>A class can implement multiple interfaces but there must be no methods in common between interface to avoid ambiguity.</p>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-1"> 1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-2"> 2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-3"> 3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-4"> 4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-5"> 5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-6"> 6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-7"> 7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-8"> 8</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-9"> 9</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-10">10</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-11">11</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-12">12</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-13">13</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-41-14">14</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-41-1" name="__codelineno-41-1"></a><span class="x">interface InterfaceName {</span>
<a id="__codelineno-41-2" name="__codelineno-41-2"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-41-3" name="__codelineno-41-3"></a><span class="x"> // it is possible to define __construct</span>
<a id="__codelineno-41-4" name="__codelineno-41-4"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-41-5" name="__codelineno-41-5"></a><span class="x"> // function has no body; must be implements in the class that uses the interface</span>
<a id="__codelineno-41-6" name="__codelineno-41-6"></a><span class="x"> public function functionName (parameters) : Type; // MUST be public</span>
<a id="__codelineno-41-7" name="__codelineno-41-7"></a><span class="x">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-41-8" name="__codelineno-41-8"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-41-9" name="__codelineno-41-9"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-41-10" name="__codelineno-41-10"></a><span class="x">class ClassName implements InterfaceName {</span>
<a id="__codelineno-41-11" name="__codelineno-41-11"></a><span class="x"> public function functionName(parameters) : Type {</span>
<a id="__codelineno-41-12" name="__codelineno-41-12"></a><span class="x"> //implementation here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-41-13" name="__codelineno-41-13"></a><span class="x"> }</span>
<a id="__codelineno-41-14" name="__codelineno-41-14"></a><span class="x">}</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="traits">Traits</h3>
<p><code>Traits</code> allows the reutilization of code inside different classes without links of inheritance.
It can be used to mitigate the problem of <em>multiple inheritance</em>, which is absent in PHP.</p>
<p>In case of functions name conflict it's possible to use <code>insteadof</code> to specify which function to use. It's also possible to use an <em>alias</em> to resolve the conflicts.</p>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-4">4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-5">5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-6">6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-7">7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-42-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-42-1" name="__codelineno-42-1"></a><span class="x">trait TraitName {</span>
<a id="__codelineno-42-2" name="__codelineno-42-2"></a><span class="x"> // code here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-42-3" name="__codelineno-42-3"></a><span class="x">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-42-4" name="__codelineno-42-4"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-42-5" name="__codelineno-42-5"></a><span class="x">class ClassName {</span>
<a id="__codelineno-42-6" name="__codelineno-42-6"></a><span class="x"> use TraitName, {TraitName::func() insteadof OtherTrait}, { func() as alias }; # can use multiple traits</span>
<a id="__codelineno-42-7" name="__codelineno-42-7"></a><span class="x"> # code here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-42-8" name="__codelineno-42-8"></a><span class="x">}</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="anonymous-classes">Anonymous Classes</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-4">4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-5">5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-6">6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-43-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-43-1" name="__codelineno-43-1"></a><span class="x">$obj = new ClassName;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-43-2" name="__codelineno-43-2"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-43-3" name="__codelineno-43-3"></a><span class="x">$obj-&gt;method(new class implements Interface {</span>
<a id="__codelineno-43-4" name="__codelineno-43-4"></a><span class="x"> public function InterfaceFunc() {</span>
<a id="__codelineno-43-5" name="__codelineno-43-5"></a><span class="x"> // code here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-43-6" name="__codelineno-43-6"></a><span class="x"> }</span>
<a id="__codelineno-43-7" name="__codelineno-43-7"></a><span class="x">});</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h2 id="serialization-json">Serialization &amp; JSON</h2>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-4">4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-44-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-44-1" name="__codelineno-44-1"></a><span class="x">$serialized = serialize($obj); # serialization</span>
<a id="__codelineno-44-2" name="__codelineno-44-2"></a><span class="x">$obj = unserialize($serialized); # de-serialization</span>
<a id="__codelineno-44-3" name="__codelineno-44-3"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-44-4" name="__codelineno-44-4"></a><span class="x">$var = json_decode(string $json, bool $associative); # Takes a JSON encoded string and converts it into a PHP variable.ù</span>
<a id="__codelineno-44-5" name="__codelineno-44-5"></a><span class="x">$json = json_encode($value); # Returns a string containing the JSON representation of the supplied value.</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h2 id="files">Files</h2>
<h3 id="readwrite-on-files">Read/Write on Files</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-4">4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-45-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-45-1" name="__codelineno-45-1"></a><span class="x">file(filename); // return file lines in an array</span>
<a id="__codelineno-45-2" name="__codelineno-45-2"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-45-3" name="__codelineno-45-3"></a><span class="x">// problematic with large files (allocates memory to read all file, can fill RAM)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-45-4" name="__codelineno-45-4"></a><span class="x">file_put_contents(filename, data); // write whole file</span>
<a id="__codelineno-45-5" name="__codelineno-45-5"></a><span class="x">file_get_contents(filename); // read whole file</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h2 id="regular-expressions">Regular Expressions</h2>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-46-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-46-1" name="__codelineno-46-1"></a><span class="x">preg_match(&#39;/PATTERN/&#39;, string $subject, array $matches); # returns 1 if the pattern matches given subject, 0 if it does not, or FALSE if an error occurred</span>
<a id="__codelineno-46-2" name="__codelineno-46-2"></a><span class="x"># $matches[0] = whole matched string</span>
<a id="__codelineno-46-3" name="__codelineno-46-3"></a><span class="x"># $matches[i] = i-th group of the regex</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h2 id="hashing">Hashing</h2>
<p>Supported hashing algrithms:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>md2</code>, <code>md4</code>, <code>md5</code></li>
<li><code>sha1</code>, <code>sha224</code>, <code>sha256</code>, <code>sha384</code>, <code>sha512/224</code>, <code>sha512/256</code>, <code>sha512</code></li>
<li><code>sha3-224</code>, <code>sha3-256</code>, <code>sha3-384</code>, <code>sha3-512</code></li>
<li><code>ripemd128</code>, <code>ripemd160</code>, <code>ripemd256</code>, <code>ripemd320</code></li>
<li><code>whirlpool</code></li>
<li><code>tiger128,3</code>, <code>tiger160,3</code>, <code>tiger192,3</code>, <code>tiger128,4</code>, <code>tiger160,4</code>, <code>tiger192,4</code></li>
<li><code>snefru</code>, <code>snefru256</code></li>
<li><code>gost</code>, <code>gost-crypto</code></li>
<li><code>adler32</code></li>
<li><code>crc32</code>, <code>crc32b</code>, <code>crc32c</code></li>
<li><code>fnv132</code>, <code>fnv1a32</code>, <code>fnv164</code>, <code>fnv1a64</code></li>
<li><code>joaat</code></li>
<li><code>haval128,3</code>, <code>haval160,3</code>, <code>haval192,3</code>, <code>haval224,3</code>, <code>haval256,3</code>, <code>haval128,4</code>, <code>haval160,4</code>, <code>haval192,4</code>, <code>haval224,4</code>, <code>haval256,4</code>, <code>haval128,5</code>, <code>haval160,5</code>, <code>haval192,5</code>, <code>haval224,5</code>, <code>haval256,5</code></li>
</ul>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-47-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-47-1" name="__codelineno-47-1"></a><span class="x">hash($algorithm, $data);</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="password-hashes">Password Hashes</h3>
<p><code>password_hash()</code> is compatible with <code>crypt()</code>. Therefore, password hashes created by <code>crypt()</code> can be used with <code>password_hash()</code>.</p>
<p>Algorithms currently supported:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>PASSWORD_DEFAULT</strong> - Use the <em>bcrypt</em> algorithm (default as of PHP 5.5.0). Note that this constant is designed to change over time as new and stronger algorithms are added to PHP.</li>
<li><strong>PASSWORD_BCRYPT</strong> - Use the <strong>CRYPT_BLOWFISH</strong> algorithm to create the hash. This will produce a standard <code>crypt()</code> compatible hash using the "$2y$" identifier. The result will always be a 60 character string, or FALSE on failure.</li>
<li><strong>PASSWORD_ARGON2I</strong> - Use the <strong>Argon2i</strong> hashing algorithm to create the hash. This algorithm is only available if PHP has been compiled with Argon2 support.</li>
<li><strong>PASSWORD_ARGON2ID</strong> - Use the <strong>Argon2id</strong> hashing algorithm to create the hash. This algorithm is only available if PHP has been compiled with Argon2 support.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Supported options for PASSWORD_BCRYPT</strong>:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>salt</strong> (string) - to manually provide a salt to use when hashing the password. Note that this will override and prevent a salt from being automatically generated.
If omitted, a random salt will be generated by password_hash() for each password hashed. This is the intended mode of operation.
<strong>Warning</strong>: The salt option has been deprecated as of PHP 7.0.0. It is now preferred to simply use the salt that is generated by default.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>cost</strong> (integer) - which denotes the algorithmic cost that should be used. Examples of these values can be found on the crypt() page.
If omitted, a default value of 10 will be used. This is a good baseline cost, but you may want to consider increasing it depending on your hardware.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Supported options for PASSWORD_ARGON2I and PASSWORD_ARGON2ID</strong>:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>memory_cost</strong> (integer) - Maximum memory (in kibibytes) that may be used to compute the Argon2 hash. Defaults to PASSWORD_ARGON2_DEFAULT_MEMORY_COST.</li>
<li><strong>time_cost</strong> (integer) - Maximum amount of time it may take to compute the Argon2 hash. Defaults to PASSWORD_ARGON2_DEFAULT_TIME_COST.</li>
<li><strong>threads</strong> (integer) - Number of threads to use for computing the Argon2 hash. Defaults to PASSWORD_ARGON2_DEFAULT_THREADS.</li>
</ul>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-48-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-48-1" name="__codelineno-48-1"></a><span class="x">password_hash($password, $algorithm); # create a new password hash using a strong one-way hashing algorithm.</span>
<a id="__codelineno-48-2" name="__codelineno-48-2"></a><span class="x">password_verify($password, $hash); # Verifies that a password matches a hash</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h2 id="errors">Errors</h2>
<p>Types of PHP errors:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Fatal Error</strong>: stop the execution of the program.</li>
<li><strong>Warning</strong>: generated at runtime, does not stop the execution (non-blocking).</li>
<li><strong>Notice</strong>: informative errors or messages, non-blocking.</li>
</ul>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-49-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-49-1" name="__codelineno-49-1"></a><span class="x">$a = new StdClass()</span>
<a id="__codelineno-49-2" name="__codelineno-49-2"></a><span class="x">$a-&gt;foo(); // PHP Fatal Error: foo() does not exist</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-50-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-50-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-50-1" name="__codelineno-50-1"></a><span class="x">$a = 0;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-50-2" name="__codelineno-50-2"></a><span class="x">echo 1/$a; // PHP Warning: Division by zero</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-51-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-51-1" name="__codelineno-51-1"></a><span class="x">echo $a; // PHP Notice: $a undefined</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="error-reporting">Error Reporting</h3>
<p><a href="https://www.php.net/manual/en/errorfunc.constants.php">PHP Error Constants</a></p>
<p>Its possible to configure PHP to signal only some type of errors. Errors below a certain levels are ignored.</p>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-4">4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-52-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-52-1" name="__codelineno-52-1"></a><span class="x">error_reporting(E_&lt;type&gt;); // set error report threshold (for log file)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-52-2" name="__codelineno-52-2"></a><span class="x">// does not disable PARSER ERROR</span>
<a id="__codelineno-52-3" name="__codelineno-52-3"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-52-4" name="__codelineno-52-4"></a><span class="x">ini_set(&quot;display_errors&quot;, 0); // don&#39;t display any errors on stderr</span>
<a id="__codelineno-52-5" name="__codelineno-52-5"></a><span class="x">ini_set(&quot;error_log&quot;, &quot;path\\error.log&quot;); // set log file</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="triggering-errors">Triggering Errors</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-53-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-53-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-53-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-53-4">4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-53-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-53-1" name="__codelineno-53-1"></a><span class="x">// generate E_USER_ errors</span>
<a id="__codelineno-53-2" name="__codelineno-53-2"></a><span class="x">trigger_error(&quot;message&quot;); // default type: E_USER_NOTICE</span>
<a id="__codelineno-53-3" name="__codelineno-53-3"></a><span class="x">trigger_error(&quot;message&quot;, E_USER_&lt;Type&gt;);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-53-4" name="__codelineno-53-4"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-53-5" name="__codelineno-53-5"></a><span class="x">trigger_error(&quot;Deprecated Function&quot;, E_USER_DEPRECATED);</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="writing-in-the-log-file"><a href="https://www.php.net/manual/en/function.error-log.php">Writing in the Log File</a></h3>
<p>It's possible to use log files unrelated to the php log file.</p>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-54-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-54-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-54-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-54-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-54-1" name="__codelineno-54-1"></a><span class="x">error_log(&quot;message&quot;, 3, &quot;path\\log.log&quot;); // write log message to a specified file</span>
<a id="__codelineno-54-2" name="__codelineno-54-2"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-54-3" name="__codelineno-54-3"></a><span class="x">//example</span>
<a id="__codelineno-54-4" name="__codelineno-54-4"></a><span class="x">error_log(sprintf(&quot;[%s] Error: _&quot;, date(&quot;Y-m-d h:i:s&quot;)), 3, &quot;path\\log.log&quot;)</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h2 id="exception-handling">Exception Handling</h2>
<p>PHP offers the possibility to handle errors with the <em>exception model</em>.</p>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-4">4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-5">5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-6">6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-7">7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-8">8</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-55-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-55-1" name="__codelineno-55-1"></a><span class="x">try {</span>
<a id="__codelineno-55-2" name="__codelineno-55-2"></a><span class="x"> // dangerous code</span>
<a id="__codelineno-55-3" name="__codelineno-55-3"></a><span class="x">} catch(ExceptionType1 | ExceptionType2 $e) {</span>
<a id="__codelineno-55-4" name="__codelineno-55-4"></a><span class="x"> printf(&quot;Errore: %s&quot;, $e-&gt;getMessage());</span>
<a id="__codelineno-55-5" name="__codelineno-55-5"></a><span class="x">} catch(Exception $e) {</span>
<a id="__codelineno-55-6" name="__codelineno-55-6"></a><span class="x"> // handle or report exception</span>
<a id="__codelineno-55-7" name="__codelineno-55-7"></a><span class="x">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-55-8" name="__codelineno-55-8"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-55-9" name="__codelineno-55-9"></a><span class="x">throw new ExceptionType(&quot;message&quot;); // throw an exception</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<p>All exceptions in PHP implement the interface <code>Throwable</code>.</p>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-56-1"> 1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-56-2"> 2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-56-3"> 3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-56-4"> 4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-56-5"> 5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-56-6"> 6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-56-7"> 7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-56-8"> 8</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-56-9"> 9</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-56-10">10</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-56-1" name="__codelineno-56-1"></a><span class="x">Interface Throwable {</span>
<a id="__codelineno-56-2" name="__codelineno-56-2"></a><span class="x"> abstract public string getMessage ( void )</span>
<a id="__codelineno-56-3" name="__codelineno-56-3"></a><span class="x"> abstract public int getCode ( void )</span>
<a id="__codelineno-56-4" name="__codelineno-56-4"></a><span class="x"> abstract public string getFile ( void )</span>
<a id="__codelineno-56-5" name="__codelineno-56-5"></a><span class="x"> abstract public int getLine ( void )</span>
<a id="__codelineno-56-6" name="__codelineno-56-6"></a><span class="x"> abstract public array getTrace ( void )</span>
<a id="__codelineno-56-7" name="__codelineno-56-7"></a><span class="x"> abstract public string getTraceAsString ( void )</span>
<a id="__codelineno-56-8" name="__codelineno-56-8"></a><span class="x"> abstract public Throwable getPrevious ( void )</span>
<a id="__codelineno-56-9" name="__codelineno-56-9"></a><span class="x"> abstract public string __toString ( void )</span>
<a id="__codelineno-56-10" name="__codelineno-56-10"></a><span class="x">}</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="custom-exceptions">Custom Exceptions</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-1"> 1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-2"> 2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-3"> 3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-4"> 4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-5"> 5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-6"> 6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-7"> 7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-8"> 8</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-9"> 9</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-10">10</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-11">11</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-12">12</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-13">13</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-14">14</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-15">15</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-16">16</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-17">17</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-18">18</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-19">19</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-20">20</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-21">21</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-57-22">22</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-57-1" name="__codelineno-57-1"></a><span class="x">/**</span>
<a id="__codelineno-57-2" name="__codelineno-57-2"></a><span class="x"> * Define a custom exception class</span>
<a id="__codelineno-57-3" name="__codelineno-57-3"></a><span class="x"> */</span>
<a id="__codelineno-57-4" name="__codelineno-57-4"></a><span class="x">class CustomException extends Exception</span>
<a id="__codelineno-57-5" name="__codelineno-57-5"></a><span class="x">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-57-6" name="__codelineno-57-6"></a><span class="x"> // Redefine the exception so message isn&#39;t optional</span>
<a id="__codelineno-57-7" name="__codelineno-57-7"></a><span class="x"> public function __construct($message, $code = 0, Exception $previous = null) {</span>
<a id="__codelineno-57-8" name="__codelineno-57-8"></a><span class="x"> // some code</span>
<a id="__codelineno-57-9" name="__codelineno-57-9"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-57-10" name="__codelineno-57-10"></a><span class="x"> // make sure everything is assigned properly</span>
<a id="__codelineno-57-11" name="__codelineno-57-11"></a><span class="x"> parent::__construct($message, $code, $previous);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-57-12" name="__codelineno-57-12"></a><span class="x"> }</span>
<a id="__codelineno-57-13" name="__codelineno-57-13"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-57-14" name="__codelineno-57-14"></a><span class="x"> // custom string representation of object</span>
<a id="__codelineno-57-15" name="__codelineno-57-15"></a><span class="x"> public function __toString() {</span>
<a id="__codelineno-57-16" name="__codelineno-57-16"></a><span class="x"> return __CLASS__ . &quot;: [{$this-&gt;code}]: {$this-&gt;message}\n&quot;;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-57-17" name="__codelineno-57-17"></a><span class="x"> }</span>
<a id="__codelineno-57-18" name="__codelineno-57-18"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-57-19" name="__codelineno-57-19"></a><span class="x"> public function customFunction() {</span>
<a id="__codelineno-57-20" name="__codelineno-57-20"></a><span class="x"> echo &quot;A custom function for this type of exception\n&quot;;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-57-21" name="__codelineno-57-21"></a><span class="x"> }</span>
<a id="__codelineno-57-22" name="__codelineno-57-22"></a><span class="x">}</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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