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$_FILES
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$_SERVER
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$_COOKIE
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<h1 id="php-for-the-web">PHP for the Web</h1>
<h2 id="php-internal-web-server">PHP Internal Web Server</h2>
<p>Command Line Web Server in PHP, useful in testing phase. Limited since handles only one request at a time. <strong>Do not use in production</strong>.</p>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PowerShell</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="n">PHP</span> <span class="n">-S</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">ip</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">post</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="c"># start web server</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="n">PHP</span> <span class="n">-S</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">ip</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">post</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="n">-t</span> <span class="p">/</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">to</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">folder</span> <span class="c"># execute in specified folder at specified address</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="n">PHP</span> <span class="n">-S</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">ip</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">post</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="n">file</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">php</span> <span class="c"># redirect requests to single file</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h2 id="http-methods">HTTP Methods</h2>
<p>Handling of HTTP requests happens using the following global variables:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>$_SERVER</code>: info on request headers, version, URL path and method (dict)</li>
<li><code>$_GET</code>: parameters of get request (dict)</li>
<li><code>$_POST</code>: parameters of post request (dict)</li>
<li><code>$_COOKIE</code></li>
<li><code>$_FILES</code>: file to send to web app.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="_files"><code>$_FILES</code></h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTML</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4">4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5">5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- method MUST BE post --&gt;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="cm">&lt;!-- must have enctype=&quot;multipart/form-data&quot; attribute --&gt;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">form</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;&lt;name&gt;&quot;</span> <span class="na">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;file.php&quot;</span> <span class="na">method</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;POST&quot;</span> <span class="na">enctype</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;multipart/form-data&quot;</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;file&quot;</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;photo&quot;</span> <span class="p">/&gt;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;submit&quot;</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;Send&quot;</span> <span class="p">/&gt;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="p">&lt;/</span><span class="nt">form</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<p>Files in <code>$_FILES</code> are memorized in a system temp folder. They can be moved with <code>move_uploaded_file()</code></p>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1"> 1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2"> 2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3"> 3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4"> 4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-5"> 5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-6"> 6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-7"> 7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-8"> 8</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-9"> 9</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-10">10</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-11">11</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-12">12</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-13">13</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-14">14</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-15">15</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-16">16</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-17">17</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-18">18</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-19">19</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-20">20</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-21">21</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="x">if (! isset($_FILES[&#39;photo&#39;][&#39;error&#39;])) {</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="x"> http_response_code(400); # send a response code</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="x"> echo&#39;&lt;h1&gt;No file has been sent&lt;/h1&gt;&#39;;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="x"> exit();</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5"></a><span class="x">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7"></a><span class="x">if ($_FILES[&#39;photo&#39;][&#39;error&#39;] != UPLOAD_ERR_OK) {</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8"></a><span class="x"> http_response_code(400);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-9" name="__codelineno-2-9"></a><span class="x"> echo&#39;&lt;h1&gt;The sent file is invalid&lt;/h1&gt;&#39;;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-10" name="__codelineno-2-10"></a><span class="x"> exit();</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-11" name="__codelineno-2-11"></a><span class="x">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-12" name="__codelineno-2-12"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-2-13" name="__codelineno-2-13"></a><span class="x">$path = &#39;/path/to/&#39; . $_FILES[&#39;photo&#39;][&#39;name&#39;];</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-14" name="__codelineno-2-14"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-2-15" name="__codelineno-2-15"></a><span class="x">if (! move_uploaded_file($_FILES[&#39;photo&#39;][&#39;tmp_name&#39;], $path)) {</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-16" name="__codelineno-2-16"></a><span class="x"> http_response_code(400);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-17" name="__codelineno-2-17"></a><span class="x"> echo&#39;&lt;h1&gt;Error while writing the file&lt;/h1&gt;&#39;;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-18" name="__codelineno-2-18"></a><span class="x"> exit();</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-19" name="__codelineno-2-19"></a><span class="x">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-20" name="__codelineno-2-20"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-2-21" name="__codelineno-2-21"></a><span class="x">echo&#39;&lt;h1&gt;File successfully sent&lt;/h1&gt;&#39;;</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="_server"><code>$_SERVER</code></h3>
<p>Request Header Access:</p>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4">4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-5">5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-6">6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-7">7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-8">8</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="x">$_SERVER[&quot;REQUEST_METHOD&quot;];</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="x">$_SERVER[&quot;REQUEST_URI&quot;];</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="x">$_SERVER[&quot;SERVER_PROTOCOL&quot;]; // HTTP Versions</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="x">$_SERVER[&quot;HTTP_ACCEPT&quot;];</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5"></a><span class="x">$_SERVER[&quot;HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING&quot;];</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6"></a><span class="x">$_SERVER[&quot;HTTP_CONNECTION&quot;];</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-7" name="__codelineno-3-7"></a><span class="x">$_SERVER[&quot;HTTP_HOST&quot;];</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-8" name="__codelineno-3-8"></a><span class="x">$_SERVER[&quot;HTTP_USER_AGENT&quot;];</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-9" name="__codelineno-3-9"></a><span class="x">// others</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="_cookie"><code>$_COOKIE</code></h3>
<p><a href="https://www.iubenda.com/it/cookie-solution">Cookie Laws</a>
<a href="http://www.privacy.it/archivio/garanteprovv201405081.html">Garante Privacy 8/5/2014</a></p>
<p>All sites <strong>must</strong> have a page for the consensus about using cookies.</p>
<p><strong>Cookies</strong> are HTTP headers used to memorize key-value info <em>on the client</em>. They are sent from the server to the client to keep track of info on the user that is visiting the website.<br />
When a client receives a HTTP response that contains <code>Set-Cookie</code> headers it has to memorize that info and reuse them in future requests.</p>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTTP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4">4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5">5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-6">6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="err">Set-Cookie: &lt;cookie-name&gt;=&lt;cookie-value&gt;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="err">Set-Cookie: &lt;cookie-name&gt;=&lt;cookie-value&gt;; Expires=&lt;date&gt;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="err">Set-Cookie: &lt;cookie-name&gt;=&lt;cookie-value&gt;; Max-Age=&lt;seconds&gt;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a><span class="err">Set-Cookie: &lt;cookie-name&gt;=&lt;cookie-value&gt;; Domain=&lt;domain-value&gt;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a><span class="err">Set-Cookie: &lt;cookie-name&gt;=&lt;cookie-value&gt;; Path=&lt;path-value&gt;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6"></a><span class="err">Set-Cookie: &lt;cookie-name&gt;=&lt;cookie-value&gt;; Secure</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-7" name="__codelineno-4-7"></a><span class="err">Set-Cookie: &lt;cookie-name&gt;=&lt;cookie-value&gt;; HttpOnly</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<p>Anyone can modify the contents of a cookie; for this reason cookies <strong>must not contain</strong> <em>personal or sensible info</em>.</p>
<p>When a client has memorized a cookie, it is sent in successive HTTP requests through the <code>Cookie</code> header.</p>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">HTTP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="err">Cookie: &lt;cookie-name&gt;=&lt;cookie-value&gt;</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<p><a href="https://www.php.net/manual/en/function.setcookie.php">PHP setcookie docs</a></p>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1"> 1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-2"> 2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-3"> 3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-4"> 4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-5"> 5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-6"> 6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-7"> 7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-8"> 8</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-9"> 9</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-10">10</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-11">11</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-12">12</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-13">13</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-14">14</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-15">15</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="x">setcookie (</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2"></a><span class="x">string $name,</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3"></a><span class="x">[ string $value = &quot;&quot; ],</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4"></a><span class="x">[ int $expire = 0 ], // in seconds (time() + seconds)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-5" name="__codelineno-6-5"></a><span class="x">[ string $path = &quot;&quot; ],</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-6" name="__codelineno-6-6"></a><span class="x">[ string $domain = &quot;&quot; ],</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-7" name="__codelineno-6-7"></a><span class="x">[ bool $secure = false ], // use https</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-8" name="__codelineno-6-8"></a><span class="x">[ bool $httponly = false ] // accessible only through http (no js, ...)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-9" name="__codelineno-6-9"></a><span class="x">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-10" name="__codelineno-6-10"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-6-11" name="__codelineno-6-11"></a><span class="x">// example: memorize user-id 112 with 24h expiry for site example.com</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-12" name="__codelineno-6-12"></a><span class="x">setcookie (&quot;User-id&quot;, &quot;112&quot;, time() + 3600*24, &quot;/&quot;, &quot;example.com&quot;);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-13" name="__codelineno-6-13"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-6-14" name="__codelineno-6-14"></a><span class="x">// check if a cookie exists</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-15" name="__codelineno-6-15"></a><span class="x">if(isset($_COOKIE[&quot;cookie_name&quot;])) {}</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="_session"><a href="https://www.php.net/manual/en/ref.session.php">$_SESSION</a></h3>
<p><strong>Sessions</strong> are info memorized <em>on the server</em> associated to the client that makes an HTTP request.</p>
<p>PHP generates a cookie named <code>PHPSESSID</code> containing a <em>session identifier</em> and an <em>hash</em> generated from <code>IP + timestamp + pseudo-random number</code>.</p>
<p>To use the session it's necessary to recall the function <code>session_start()</code> at the beginning of a PHP script that deals with sessions.<br />
After starting the session information in be saved in the <code>$_SESSION</code> array.</p>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">PHP</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-4">4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-5">5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="x">$_SESSION[&quot;key&quot;] = value; // save data in session file (serialized data)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3"></a><span class="x">unset($_SESSION[&quot;key&quot;]); // delete data from the session</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4"></a><span class="x">session_unset(); # remove all session data</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-5" name="__codelineno-7-5"></a><span class="x">session_destroy(); # destroy all of the data associated with the current session.</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-6" name="__codelineno-7-6"></a><span class="x"># It does not unset any of the global variables associated with the session, or unset the session cookie.</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<p>Session data is be memorized in a file by <em>serializing</em> <code>$_SESSION</code>. Files are named as <code>sess_PHPSESSID</code> in a folder (<code>var/lib/php/sessions</code> in Linux).</p>
<p>It's possible to modify the memorization system of PHP serialization variables by:</p>
<ul>
<li>modifying <code>session.save_handler</code> in <code>php.ini</code></li>
<li>writing as personalized handler with the function <code>session_set_save_handler()</code> and/or the class <code>SessionHandler</code></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="php-web-instructions">PHP Web Instructions</h2>
<p><code>http_response_code()</code> is used to return an HTTP response code. If no code is specified <code>200 OK</code> is returned.
<code>header("Location: /route")</code> is used to make a redirect to another UTL.</p>
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