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Mathematical Operators
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For Loop
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While Loop
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Passing Functions as Parameters
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Enum with Raw Values
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Property Observers willSet &amp; didSet
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<div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
<article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
<h1 id="swift">Swift</h1>
<h2 id="basics">Basics</h2>
<h3 id="macro">Macro</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4">4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="cp">#if</span> <span class="cp">DEBUG</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="c1">// contents compiled only if in DEBUG build</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="cp">#endif</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="comments">Comments</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-4">4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="c1">// single line comment</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="cm">/* </span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="cm">multi line comment</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="cm">*/</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="variables">Variables</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">variable</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">value</span> <span class="c1">// implicit variable init (auto-determine type)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">variable</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">value</span> <span class="c1">// explicit variable init</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">variable</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">?</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">value</span> <span class="c1">// explicit nullable variable init</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="constants">Constants</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">CONSTANT</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">value</span> <span class="c1">// constant init (value can be assigned at runtime)</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="console-output">Console Output</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="bp">print</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1">// empty line</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="bp">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">variable</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="bp">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;string&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h2 id="strings">Strings</h2>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-4">4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">string</span> <span class="s">&quot;Text: </span><span class="si">\(</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">expr</span><span class="p">&gt;</span><span class="si">)</span><span class="s">&quot;</span> <span class="c1">// string interpolation</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">string</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;Hello&quot;</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="s">&quot;There&quot;</span> <span class="c1">// string concatenation</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4"></a><span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">multilineString</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;&quot;&quot;Use double quotes trice</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5"></a><span class="s">to make a string span multiple lines&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h2 id="array">Array</h2>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1"> 1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-2"> 2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-3"> 3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-4"> 4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-5"> 5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-6"> 6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-7"> 7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-8"> 8</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-9"> 9</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-10">10</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-11">11</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-12">12</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-13">13</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-14">14</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">array</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&quot;firstItem&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;secondItem&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">...]</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2"></a><span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">array</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">()]</span> <span class="c1">// init empty homogeneous array</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4"></a><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="c1">// value access</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-5" name="__codelineno-6-5"></a><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">value</span> <span class="c1">// value update</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-6" name="__codelineno-6-6"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-6-7" name="__codelineno-6-7"></a><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1">// add item to the end</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-8" name="__codelineno-6-8"></a><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="bp">contains</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1">// membership check</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-9" name="__codelineno-6-9"></a><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="bp">sort</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1">// in place sort</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-10" name="__codelineno-6-10"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-6-11" name="__codelineno-6-11"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-6-12" name="__codelineno-6-12"></a><span class="c1">// Heterogeneous Array</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-13" name="__codelineno-6-13"></a><span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">list</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">Any</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&quot;string&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">47</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">...]</span> <span class="c1">// cannot access with [index]</span>
<a id="__codelineno-6-14" name="__codelineno-6-14"></a><span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">list</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">Any</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span> <span class="c1">// init empty heterogeneous array</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h2 id="tuple">Tuple</h2>
<p>A <strong>tuple</strong> type is a comma-separated list of types, enclosed in parentheses.</p>
<p>It's possible to use a tuple type as the return type of a function to enable the function to return a single tuple containing multiple values.
It's possible to name the elements of a tuple type and use those names to refer to the values of the individual elements.
An element name consists of an identifier followed immediately by a colon (:).</p>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-4">4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-5">5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-6">6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-7">7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">tuple</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1">// explicit type</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2"></a><span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">tuple</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1">// implicit type</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3"></a><span class="n">tuple</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="mi">0</span> <span class="c1">// item access</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-7-5" name="__codelineno-7-5"></a><span class="c1">// named elements</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-6" name="__codelineno-7-6"></a><span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">tuple</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name1</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">value1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name2</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">value2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">...)</span> <span class="c1">// tuple init</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-7" name="__codelineno-7-7"></a><span class="n">tuple</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1">// names are inferred</span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-8" name="__codelineno-7-8"></a><span class="n">tuple</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">name1</span> <span class="c1">// item access</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="tuple-decomposition">Tuple Decomposition</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">tuple</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2"></a><span class="kd">var</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">var1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">var2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">tuple</span> <span class="c1">// var1 = value1, var2 = value2</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h2 id="type-identifier">Type Identifier</h2>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="kd">typealias</span> <span class="n">Point</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">Int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">Int</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-9-2" name="__codelineno-9-2"></a><span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">origin</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h2 id="dictionary">Dictionary</h2>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-4">4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-5">5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-6">6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-7">7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-8">8</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1"></a><span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">dict</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">[</span>
<a id="__codelineno-10-2" name="__codelineno-10-2"></a> <span class="s">&quot;key&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<a id="__codelineno-10-3" name="__codelineno-10-3"></a> <span class="p">...</span>
<a id="__codelineno-10-4" name="__codelineno-10-4"></a><span class="p">]</span>
<a id="__codelineno-10-5" name="__codelineno-10-5"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-10-6" name="__codelineno-10-6"></a><span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">dict</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">]()</span> <span class="c1">// init empty dict</span>
<a id="__codelineno-10-7" name="__codelineno-10-7"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-10-8" name="__codelineno-10-8"></a><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="c1">// value access</span>
<a id="__codelineno-10-9" name="__codelineno-10-9"></a><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">value</span> <span class="c1">// value update</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h2 id="expressions-operators">Expressions &amp; Operators</h2>
<h3 id="primary-expressions">Primary Expressions</h3>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Syntax</th>
<th>Operation</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>x<code>.</code>m</td>
<td>access to member <code>m</code> of object <code>x</code> ("." &rarr; member access operator)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>x<code>(...)</code></td>
<td>method invocation ("()" &rarr; method invocation operator)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>x<code>[...]</code></td>
<td>array access and indicization</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>new</code> T(...)</td>
<td>object instantiation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>x!</code></td>
<td>declare x as not nil</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 id="unary-operators">Unary Operators</h3>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Operator</th>
<th>Operation</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>+</code>x</td>
<td>identity</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>-</code>x</td>
<td>negation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>!</code>x</td>
<td>logic negation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>~</code>x</td>
<td>binary negation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>++</code>x</td>
<td>pre-increment</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>--</code>x</td>
<td>pre-decrement</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>x<code>++</code></td>
<td>post-increment</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>x<code>--</code></td>
<td>post decrement</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>(type)</code>x</td>
<td>explicit casting</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 id="mathematical-operators">Mathematical Operators</h3>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Operator</th>
<th>Operation</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>x <code>+</code> y</td>
<td>addition, string concatenation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>x <code>-</code> y</td>
<td>subtraction</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>x <code>*</code> y</td>
<td>multiplication</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>x <code>/</code> y</td>
<td>integer division, <strong>always</strong> returns an <code>int</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>x <code>%</code> y</td>
<td>modulo, remainder</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>x <code>&lt;&lt;</code> y</td>
<td>left bit shift</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>x <code>&gt;&gt;</code> y</td>
<td>right bit shift</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 id="relational-operators">Relational Operators</h3>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Operator</th>
<th>Operation</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>x <code>&lt;=</code> y</td>
<td>less or equal to</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>x <code>&gt;</code> y</td>
<td>greater than</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>x <code>&gt;=</code> y</td>
<td>greater or equal to</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>x <code>is</code> T</td>
<td><code>true</code> if <code>x</code> is an object of type <code>T</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>x <code>==</code> y</td>
<td>equality</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>!</code>x</td>
<td>inequality</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 id="logical-operators">Logical Operators</h3>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Operator</th>
<th>Operation</th>
<th>Name</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>~</code>x</td>
<td>bitwise NOT</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>x <code>&amp;</code> y</td>
<td>bitwise AND</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>x <code>^</code> y</td>
<td>bitwise XOR</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>x <code>|</code> y</td>
<td>bitwise OR</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>x <code>&amp;&amp;</code> y</td>
<td>evaluate <code>y</code> only if <code>x</code> is <code>true</code></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>x <code>||</code> y</td>
<td>evaluate <code>y</code> only if <code>x</code> is <code>false</code></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>x <code>??</code> y</td>
<td>evaluates to <code>y</code> only if <code>x</code> is <code>nil</code>, <code>x</code> otherwise</td>
<td>nil coalescing</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>x<code>?.</code>y</td>
<td>stop if <code>x == nil</code>, evaluate <code>x.y</code> otherwise</td>
<td>nil conditional</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 id="assignment">Assignment</h3>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Operator</th>
<th>Operation</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>x <code>+=</code> y</td>
<td>x = x + y</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>x <code>-=</code> y</td>
<td>x = x - y</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>x <code>*=</code> y</td>
<td>x = x * y</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>x <code>/=</code> y</td>
<td>x = x / y</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>x <code>%=</code> y</td>
<td>x = x % y</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>x <code>&lt;&lt;=</code> y</td>
<td>x = x &lt;&lt; y</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>x <code>&gt;&gt;=</code> y</td>
<td>x = x &gt;&gt; y</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>x <code>&amp;=</code> y</td>
<td>x = x &amp; y</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>x <code>|=</code> y</td>
<td>x = x</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>x <code>^=</code> y</td>
<td>x = x ^ y</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>x <code>??=</code> y</td>
<td>if (x == nil) {x = y}</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 id="conditional-operator">Conditional Operator</h3>
<p><code>&lt;condition&gt; ? &lt;return_if_condition_true&gt; : &lt;return_if_condition_false&gt;;</code></p>
<h3 id="nil-checks">Nil Checks</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-11-1" name="__codelineno-11-1"></a><span class="n">variable</span> <span class="p">??</span> <span class="n">value</span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-2" name="__codelineno-11-2"></a><span class="c1">// same as</span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-3" name="__codelineno-11-3"></a><span class="k">if</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">variable</span> <span class="p">==</span> <span class="kc">nil</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">variable</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">value</span> <span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h2 id="if-else">If-Else</h2>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-1"> 1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-2"> 2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-3"> 3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-4"> 4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-5"> 5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-6"> 6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-7"> 7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-8"> 8</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-9"> 9</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-10">10</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-11">11</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1"></a><span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">condition</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-2" name="__codelineno-12-2"></a> <span class="c1">// code here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-3" name="__codelineno-12-3"></a><span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">condition</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-4" name="__codelineno-12-4"></a> <span class="c1">//code here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-5" name="__codelineno-12-5"></a><span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-6" name="__codelineno-12-6"></a> <span class="c1">// code here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-7" name="__codelineno-12-7"></a><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-8" name="__codelineno-12-8"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-12-9" name="__codelineno-12-9"></a><span class="k">if</span> <span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">var0</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">var1</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="cm">/* statements */</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-10" name="__codelineno-12-10"></a><span class="c1">// same as</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-11" name="__codelineno-12-11"></a><span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">var0</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">var1</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-12" name="__codelineno-12-12"></a><span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">var0</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="kc">nil</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="cm">/* statements */</span> <span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="switch">Switch</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-1"> 1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-2"> 2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-3"> 3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-4"> 4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-5"> 5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-6"> 6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-7"> 7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-8"> 8</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-9"> 9</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-10">10</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-11">11</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-12">12</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-13">13</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-13-1" name="__codelineno-13-1"></a><span class="k">switch</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-13-2" name="__codelineno-13-2"></a> <span class="k">case</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">pattern</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">&gt;:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-13-3" name="__codelineno-13-3"></a> <span class="c1">// code here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-13-4" name="__codelineno-13-4"></a> <span class="k">break</span> <span class="c1">// can be implicit</span>
<a id="__codelineno-13-5" name="__codelineno-13-5"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-13-6" name="__codelineno-13-6"></a> <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">key</span> <span class="k">where</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">condition_on_key</span><span class="p">&gt;:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-13-7" name="__codelineno-13-7"></a> <span class="c1">// code here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-13-8" name="__codelineno-13-8"></a> <span class="k">break</span>
<a id="__codelineno-13-9" name="__codelineno-13-9"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-13-10" name="__codelineno-13-10"></a> <span class="k">default</span><span class="p">:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-13-11" name="__codelineno-13-11"></a> <span class="c1">// code here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-13-12" name="__codelineno-13-12"></a> <span class="k">break</span>
<a id="__codelineno-13-13" name="__codelineno-13-13"></a><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h2 id="loops">Loops</h2>
<h3 id="for-loop">For Loop</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-1"> 1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-2"> 2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-3"> 3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-4"> 4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-5"> 5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-6"> 6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-7"> 7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-8"> 8</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-9"> 9</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-10">10</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-11">11</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-14-1" name="__codelineno-14-1"></a><span class="c1">// range based for</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-2" name="__codelineno-14-2"></a><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="n">start</span><span class="p">...</span><span class="n">end</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="cm">/* statements */</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="c1">// end included</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-3" name="__codelineno-14-3"></a><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="n">start</span><span class="p">..&lt;</span><span class="n">end</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="cm">/* statements */</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="c1">// end excluded</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-4" name="__codelineno-14-4"></a><span class="k">for</span> <span class="kc">_</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="n">start</span><span class="p">...</span><span class="n">end</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-5" name="__codelineno-14-5"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-14-6" name="__codelineno-14-6"></a><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">item</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="n">sequence</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-7" name="__codelineno-14-7"></a> <span class="c1">// code here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-8" name="__codelineno-14-8"></a><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-9" name="__codelineno-14-9"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-14-10" name="__codelineno-14-10"></a><span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="n">dict</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-11" name="__codelineno-14-11"></a> <span class="c1">// code here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-12" name="__codelineno-14-12"></a><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="while-loop">While Loop</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-4">4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-5">5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-6">6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-7">7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-8">8</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-15-1" name="__codelineno-15-1"></a><span class="k">while</span> <span class="n">condition</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-2" name="__codelineno-15-2"></a> <span class="c1">// code here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-3" name="__codelineno-15-3"></a><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-4" name="__codelineno-15-4"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-15-5" name="__codelineno-15-5"></a><span class="c1">// &quot;do&quot;..while</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-6" name="__codelineno-15-6"></a><span class="k">repeat</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-7" name="__codelineno-15-7"></a> <span class="c1">// code here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-8" name="__codelineno-15-8"></a><span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">while</span> <span class="n">condition</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h2 id="functions">Functions</h2>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-1"> 1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-2"> 2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-3"> 3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-4"> 4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-5"> 5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-6"> 6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-7"> 7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-8"> 8</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-9"> 9</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-10">10</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-11">11</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-12">12</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-13">13</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-14">14</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-15">15</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-16">16</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-17">17</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-18">18</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-19">19</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-20">20</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-21">21</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-22">22</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-23">23</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-24">24</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-25">25</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-26">26</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-27">27</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-28">28</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-29">29</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-30">30</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-16-1" name="__codelineno-16-1"></a><span class="c1">// &quot;void function&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-2" name="__codelineno-16-2"></a><span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nf">funcName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">...)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-3" name="__codelineno-16-3"></a> <span class="c1">// code here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-4" name="__codelineno-16-4"></a><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-5" name="__codelineno-16-5"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-16-6" name="__codelineno-16-6"></a><span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nf">funcName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">defaultValue</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">...)</span> <span class="p">-&gt;</span> <span class="kr">Type</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-7" name="__codelineno-16-7"></a> <span class="c1">//code here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-8" name="__codelineno-16-8"></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-9" name="__codelineno-16-9"></a><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-10" name="__codelineno-16-10"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-16-11" name="__codelineno-16-11"></a><span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nf">funcName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">-&gt;</span> <span class="kr">Type</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-12" name="__codelineno-16-12"></a> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="c1">// implicit return</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-13" name="__codelineno-16-13"></a><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-14" name="__codelineno-16-14"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-16-15" name="__codelineno-16-15"></a><span class="c1">// func call MUST have parameter&#39;s names</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-16" name="__codelineno-16-16"></a><span class="n">funcName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">...)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-17" name="__codelineno-16-17"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-16-18" name="__codelineno-16-18"></a><span class="c1">// multiple return values</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-19" name="__codelineno-16-19"></a><span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nf">funcMultipleParameters</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">-&gt;</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">retVal1</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">retVal2</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-20" name="__codelineno-16-20"></a> <span class="c1">//code here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-21" name="__codelineno-16-21"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-16-22" name="__codelineno-16-22"></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">(&lt;</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">&gt;,</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">&gt;)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-23" name="__codelineno-16-23"></a><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-24" name="__codelineno-16-24"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-16-25" name="__codelineno-16-25"></a><span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">result</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">funcMultipleReturns</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-26" name="__codelineno-16-26"></a><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">retVal1</span> <span class="c1">// access to tuple components</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-27" name="__codelineno-16-27"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-16-28" name="__codelineno-16-28"></a><span class="c1">// argument labels (only first label can be omitted)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-29" name="__codelineno-16-29"></a><span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nf">funcWithLabels</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">_</span> <span class="n">param</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">label</span> <span class="n">param</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">...)</span> <span class="p">-&gt;</span> <span class="kr">Type</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-30" name="__codelineno-16-30"></a><span class="n">funcWithLabels</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">label</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">...)</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="passing-functions-as-parameters">Passing Functions as Parameters</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-17-1" name="__codelineno-17-1"></a><span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nf">f</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">-&gt;</span> <span class="kr">Type</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-17-2" name="__codelineno-17-2"></a><span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nf">g</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">-&gt;</span> <span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span> <span class="c1">// (Type) -&gt; Type are the passed func input and output types</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="functions-returning-functions">Functions Returning Functions</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-4">4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-18-1" name="__codelineno-18-1"></a><span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nf">f</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">-&gt;</span> <span class="p">((</span><span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">-&gt;</span> <span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-18-2" name="__codelineno-18-2"></a> <span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nf">g</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">-&gt;</span> <span class="n">type</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-18-3" name="__codelineno-18-3"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-18-4" name="__codelineno-18-4"></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">g</span>
<a id="__codelineno-18-5" name="__codelineno-18-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h2 id="closure"><a href="https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/LanguageGuide/Closures.html">Closure</a> (<code>{ .. }</code>)</h2>
<p><strong>Closures</strong> are self-contained blocks of functionality that can be passed around and used in code.
Closures in Swift are similar to blocks in C and Objective-C and to lambdas in other programming languages.</p>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-4">4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-5">5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-19-1" name="__codelineno-19-1"></a><span class="p">{</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parameters</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">-&gt;</span> <span class="kr">Type</span> <span class="k">in</span>
<a id="__codelineno-19-2" name="__codelineno-19-2"></a> <span class="c1">// statements</span>
<a id="__codelineno-19-3" name="__codelineno-19-3"></a><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-19-4" name="__codelineno-19-4"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-19-5" name="__codelineno-19-5"></a><span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">parameters</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="c1">// type inference from context</span>
<a id="__codelineno-19-6" name="__codelineno-19-6"></a><span class="p">{</span> <span class="nv">$0</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$1</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="c1">// $&lt;n&gt; identifies the n-th argument, IN can be omitted if closure has only the body</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h2 id="enums"><a href="https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/LanguageGuide/Enumerations.html">Enums</a></h2>
<h3 id="enum-definition">Enum Definition</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-4">4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-5">5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-6">6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-20-1" name="__codelineno-20-1"></a><span class="kd">enum</span> <span class="nc">EnumName</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-20-2" name="__codelineno-20-2"></a> <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">key1</span>
<a id="__codelineno-20-3" name="__codelineno-20-3"></a> <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">key2</span>
<a id="__codelineno-20-4" name="__codelineno-20-4"></a> <span class="k">case</span> <span class="p">...</span>
<a id="__codelineno-20-5" name="__codelineno-20-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-20-6" name="__codelineno-20-6"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-20-7" name="__codelineno-20-7"></a><span class="n">EnumName</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">key1</span> <span class="c1">// key1</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="enum-with-raw-values">Enum with Raw Values</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-1"> 1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-2"> 2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-3"> 3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-4"> 4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-5"> 5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-6"> 6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-7"> 7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-8"> 8</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-9"> 9</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-10">10</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-11">11</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-12">12</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-13">13</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-14">14</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-21-1" name="__codelineno-21-1"></a><span class="kd">enum</span> <span class="nc">EnumName</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-21-2" name="__codelineno-21-2"></a> <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">key1</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">value</span>
<a id="__codelineno-21-3" name="__codelineno-21-3"></a> <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">key2</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">value</span>
<a id="__codelineno-21-4" name="__codelineno-21-4"></a> <span class="k">case</span> <span class="p">...</span>
<a id="__codelineno-21-5" name="__codelineno-21-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-21-6" name="__codelineno-21-6"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-21-7" name="__codelineno-21-7"></a><span class="n">EnumName</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">key1</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">rawValue</span> <span class="c1">// value</span>
<a id="__codelineno-21-8" name="__codelineno-21-8"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-21-9" name="__codelineno-21-9"></a><span class="kd">enum</span> <span class="nc">IntegerEnum</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">Int</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-21-10" name="__codelineno-21-10"></a> <span class="c1">// the value of each case is one more then the previous case</span>
<a id="__codelineno-21-11" name="__codelineno-21-11"></a> <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">one</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<a id="__codelineno-21-12" name="__codelineno-21-12"></a> <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">two</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">three</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">four</span>
<a id="__codelineno-21-13" name="__codelineno-21-13"></a> <span class="k">case</span> <span class="p">...</span>
<a id="__codelineno-21-14" name="__codelineno-21-14"></a><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="matching-enumeration-values-with-a-switch-statement">Matching Enumeration Values with a Switch Statement</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-1"> 1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-2"> 2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-3"> 3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-4"> 4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-5"> 5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-6"> 6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-7"> 7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-8"> 8</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-9"> 9</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-10">10</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-11">11</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-12">12</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-13">13</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-14">14</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-15">15</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-16">16</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-17">17</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-18">18</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-19">19</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-20">20</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-21">21</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-22">22</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-23">23</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-24">24</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-22-1" name="__codelineno-22-1"></a><span class="kd">enum</span> <span class="nc">Rank</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">Int</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-22-2" name="__codelineno-22-2"></a> <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">ace</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">two</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">three</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">four</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">five</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">six</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">seven</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">eight</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">nine</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ten</span>
<a id="__codelineno-22-3" name="__codelineno-22-3"></a> <span class="k">case</span> <span class="n">jack</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">queen</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">king</span>
<a id="__codelineno-22-4" name="__codelineno-22-4"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-22-5" name="__codelineno-22-5"></a> <span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nf">getValue</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">-&gt;</span> <span class="nb">String</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-22-6" name="__codelineno-22-6"></a> <span class="k">switch</span> <span class="kc">self</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-22-7" name="__codelineno-22-7"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-22-8" name="__codelineno-22-8"></a> <span class="k">case</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">jack</span><span class="p">:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-22-9" name="__codelineno-22-9"></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="s">&quot;jack&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-22-10" name="__codelineno-22-10"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-22-11" name="__codelineno-22-11"></a> <span class="k">case</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">queen</span><span class="p">:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-22-12" name="__codelineno-22-12"></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="s">&quot;queen&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-22-13" name="__codelineno-22-13"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-22-14" name="__codelineno-22-14"></a> <span class="k">case</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">king</span><span class="p">:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-22-15" name="__codelineno-22-15"></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="s">&quot;king&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-22-16" name="__codelineno-22-16"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-22-17" name="__codelineno-22-17"></a> <span class="k">default</span><span class="p">:</span>
<a id="__codelineno-22-18" name="__codelineno-22-18"></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">String</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">rawValue</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-22-19" name="__codelineno-22-19"></a> <span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-22-20" name="__codelineno-22-20"></a> <span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-22-21" name="__codelineno-22-21"></a><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-22-22" name="__codelineno-22-22"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-22-23" name="__codelineno-22-23"></a><span class="n">Rank</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">jack</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">getValue</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1">// &quot;jack&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-22-24" name="__codelineno-22-24"></a><span class="n">Rank</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">jack</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">rawValue</span> <span class="c1">// 11</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h2 id="struct-value-type">Struct (Value Type)</h2>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-1"> 1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-2"> 2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-3"> 3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-4"> 4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-5"> 5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-6"> 6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-7"> 7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-8"> 8</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-9"> 9</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-10">10</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-11">11</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-12">12</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-13">13</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-14">14</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-15">15</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-16">16</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-17">17</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-18">18</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-19">19</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-20">20</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-21">21</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-22">22</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-23">23</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-24">24</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-25">25</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-26">26</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-27">27</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-28">28</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-23-1" name="__codelineno-23-1"></a><span class="kd">struct</span> <span class="nc">StructName</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-23-2" name="__codelineno-23-2"></a> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">attribute</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">value</span> <span class="c1">// instance variable</span>
<a id="__codelineno-23-3" name="__codelineno-23-3"></a> <span class="kd">private</span> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">_attribute</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span> <span class="c1">// backing field for property</span>
<a id="__codelineno-23-4" name="__codelineno-23-4"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-23-5" name="__codelineno-23-5"></a> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">property</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-23-6" name="__codelineno-23-6"></a> <span class="kr">get</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">_attribute</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-23-7" name="__codelineno-23-7"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-23-8" name="__codelineno-23-8"></a> <span class="kr">set</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">_attribute</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">newValue</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="c1">// newValue contains the passed value</span>
<a id="__codelineno-23-9" name="__codelineno-23-9"></a> <span class="c1">// OR</span>
<a id="__codelineno-23-10" name="__codelineno-23-10"></a> <span class="kr">set</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">_attribute</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">param</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-23-11" name="__codelineno-23-11"></a> <span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-23-12" name="__codelineno-23-12"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-23-13" name="__codelineno-23-13"></a> <span class="c1">// constructor</span>
<a id="__codelineno-23-14" name="__codelineno-23-14"></a> <span class="kd">init</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-23-15" name="__codelineno-23-15"></a> <span class="kc">self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">param</span> <span class="c1">// attribute valorization</span>
<a id="__codelineno-23-16" name="__codelineno-23-16"></a> <span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-23-17" name="__codelineno-23-17"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-23-18" name="__codelineno-23-18"></a> <span class="c1">// de-initializer (free memory containing obj?)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-23-19" name="__codelineno-23-19"></a> <span class="kd">deinit</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-23-20" name="__codelineno-23-20"></a> <span class="c1">// empty the attributes</span>
<a id="__codelineno-23-21" name="__codelineno-23-21"></a> <span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-23-22" name="__codelineno-23-22"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-23-23" name="__codelineno-23-23"></a> <span class="c1">// overloading</span>
<a id="__codelineno-23-24" name="__codelineno-23-24"></a> <span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nf">method</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">-&gt;</span> <span class="kr">Type</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-23-25" name="__codelineno-23-25"></a> <span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nf">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">...)</span> <span class="p">-&gt;</span> <span class="kr">Type</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-23-26" name="__codelineno-23-26"></a><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-23-27" name="__codelineno-23-27"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-23-28" name="__codelineno-23-28"></a><span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">structure</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">StructName</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1">// struct instantiation</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h2 id="classes-reference-type">Classes (Reference Type)</h2>
<h3 id="class-definition-instantiation">Class Definition &amp; Instantiation</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-1"> 1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-2"> 2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-3"> 3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-4"> 4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-5"> 5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-6"> 6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-7"> 7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-8"> 8</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-9"> 9</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-10">10</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-11">11</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-12">12</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-13">13</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-14">14</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-15">15</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-16">16</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-17">17</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-18">18</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-19">19</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-20">20</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-21">21</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-22">22</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-23">23</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-24">24</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-25">25</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-26">26</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-27">27</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-28">28</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-24-1" name="__codelineno-24-1"></a><span class="kd">class</span> <span class="nc">ClassName</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-24-2" name="__codelineno-24-2"></a> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">attribute</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">value</span> <span class="c1">// instance variable</span>
<a id="__codelineno-24-3" name="__codelineno-24-3"></a> <span class="kd">private</span> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">_attribute</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span> <span class="c1">// backing field for property</span>
<a id="__codelineno-24-4" name="__codelineno-24-4"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-24-5" name="__codelineno-24-5"></a> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">property</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-24-6" name="__codelineno-24-6"></a> <span class="kr">get</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">_attribute</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-24-7" name="__codelineno-24-7"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-24-8" name="__codelineno-24-8"></a> <span class="kr">set</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">_attribute</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">newValue</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="c1">// newValue contains the passed value</span>
<a id="__codelineno-24-9" name="__codelineno-24-9"></a> <span class="c1">// OR</span>
<a id="__codelineno-24-10" name="__codelineno-24-10"></a> <span class="kr">set</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">_attribute</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">param</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-24-11" name="__codelineno-24-11"></a> <span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-24-12" name="__codelineno-24-12"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-24-13" name="__codelineno-24-13"></a> <span class="c1">// constructor</span>
<a id="__codelineno-24-14" name="__codelineno-24-14"></a> <span class="kd">init</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-24-15" name="__codelineno-24-15"></a> <span class="kc">self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">param</span> <span class="c1">// attribute valorization</span>
<a id="__codelineno-24-16" name="__codelineno-24-16"></a> <span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-24-17" name="__codelineno-24-17"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-24-18" name="__codelineno-24-18"></a> <span class="c1">// de-initializer (free memory containing obj?)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-24-19" name="__codelineno-24-19"></a> <span class="kd">deinit</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-24-20" name="__codelineno-24-20"></a> <span class="c1">// empty the attributes</span>
<a id="__codelineno-24-21" name="__codelineno-24-21"></a> <span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-24-22" name="__codelineno-24-22"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-24-23" name="__codelineno-24-23"></a> <span class="c1">// overloading</span>
<a id="__codelineno-24-24" name="__codelineno-24-24"></a> <span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nf">method</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">-&gt;</span> <span class="kr">Type</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-24-25" name="__codelineno-24-25"></a> <span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nf">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">...)</span> <span class="p">-&gt;</span> <span class="kr">Type</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-24-26" name="__codelineno-24-26"></a><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-24-27" name="__codelineno-24-27"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-24-28" name="__codelineno-24-28"></a><span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">obj</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">ClassName</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1">// obj instantiation</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="property-observers-willset-didset">Property Observers <code>willSet</code> &amp; <code>didSet</code></h3>
<p>Do actions before/after modifying a property value.</p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>Note</strong>: <code>willSet</code> and <code>didSet</code> do not <em>set</em> the value of the property.</p>
</blockquote>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-1"> 1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-2"> 2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-3"> 3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-4"> 4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-5"> 5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-6"> 6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-7"> 7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-8"> 8</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-9"> 9</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-10">10</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-11">11</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-12">12</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-13">13</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-14">14</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-15">15</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-16">16</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-17">17</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-25-1" name="__codelineno-25-1"></a><span class="kd">class</span> <span class="nc">ClassName</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-2" name="__codelineno-25-2"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-25-3" name="__codelineno-25-3"></a> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">_attribute</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-4" name="__codelineno-25-4"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-25-5" name="__codelineno-25-5"></a> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">property</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-6" name="__codelineno-25-6"></a> <span class="kr">get</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">_attribute</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-7" name="__codelineno-25-7"></a> <span class="kr">set</span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">_attribute</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">newValue</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-8" name="__codelineno-25-8"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-25-9" name="__codelineno-25-9"></a> <span class="kr">willSet</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-10" name="__codelineno-25-10"></a> <span class="c1">// act before setting the property value</span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-11" name="__codelineno-25-11"></a> <span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-12" name="__codelineno-25-12"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-25-13" name="__codelineno-25-13"></a> <span class="kr">didSet</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-14" name="__codelineno-25-14"></a> <span class="c1">// act after setting the property value</span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-15" name="__codelineno-25-15"></a> <span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-16" name="__codelineno-25-16"></a> <span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-17" name="__codelineno-25-17"></a><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="inheritance">Inheritance</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-1"> 1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-2"> 2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-3"> 3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-4"> 4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-5"> 5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-6"> 6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-7"> 7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-8"> 8</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-9"> 9</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-10">10</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-11">11</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-26-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-26-1" name="__codelineno-26-1"></a><span class="kd">class</span> <span class="nc">Derived</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">SuperClass</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-2" name="__codelineno-26-2"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-26-3" name="__codelineno-26-3"></a> <span class="kd">var</span> <span class="nv">attribute</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-4" name="__codelineno-26-4"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-26-5" name="__codelineno-26-5"></a> <span class="kd">init</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">param1</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">param2</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kr">Type</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-6" name="__codelineno-26-6"></a> <span class="kc">self</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">param1</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-7" name="__codelineno-26-7"></a> <span class="kc">super</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="kd">init</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">param2</span> <span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1">// superclass init (NEEDED)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-8" name="__codelineno-26-8"></a> <span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-9" name="__codelineno-26-9"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-26-10" name="__codelineno-26-10"></a> <span class="c1">// overriding</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-11" name="__codelineno-26-11"></a> <span class="kr">override</span> <span class="kd">func</span> <span class="nf">method</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-26-12" name="__codelineno-26-12"></a><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="exception-handling">Exception Handling</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">Swift</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-1"> 1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-2"> 2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-3"> 3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-4"> 4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-5"> 5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-6"> 6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-7"> 7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-8"> 8</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-9"> 9</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-10">10</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-11">11</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-27-12">12</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-27-1" name="__codelineno-27-1"></a><span class="k">guard</span> <span class="kd">let</span> <span class="nv">variable</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-2" name="__codelineno-27-2"></a><span class="k">else</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-3" name="__codelineno-27-3"></a> <span class="cm">/* statements */</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-4" name="__codelineno-27-4"></a> <span class="c1">// throw or return to exit code branch</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-5" name="__codelineno-27-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-6" name="__codelineno-27-6"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-27-7" name="__codelineno-27-7"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-27-8" name="__codelineno-27-8"></a><span class="k">do</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-9" name="__codelineno-27-9"></a> <span class="k">try</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">throwing</span> <span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">&gt;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-10" name="__codelineno-27-10"></a><span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">catch</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">pattern</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-11" name="__codelineno-27-11"></a> <span class="c1">// statements</span>
<a id="__codelineno-27-12" name="__codelineno-27-12"></a><span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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