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<h1 id="git"><a href="https://git-scm.com/" title="Git Home Page">Git</a></h1>
<p>Git is a free and open source distributed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Version_control" title="VCS on Wikipedia">version control system</a> designed to handle everything from small to very large projects with speed and efficiency.</p>
<h2 id="terminology">Terminology</h2>
<p><strong>Repository</strong>: collection of files (blobs) and directories (trees) managed by git
<strong>Commit</strong>: snapshot of the entire repository and its metadata
<strong>Head</strong>: pointer to the current commit<br />
<strong>Branch</strong>: timeline or collection of consecutive commits<br />
<strong>Remote</strong>: remote shared repository in which changes as synced
<strong>Working Tree</strong>: current version of the repository on disk<br />
<strong>Index (Staging Area)</strong>: collection of changes not yet committed
<strong>Stash</strong>: collection of pseudo-commits not belonging to a specific branch</p>
<h2 id="commands">Commands</h2>
<h3 id="managing-configs">Managing Configs</h3>
<p>There are three git config sources/scopes:</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>system</strong>: defined in git's installation folder and managed with <code>--system</code></li>
<li><strong>global</strong>: defined in <code>$HOME/.gitconfig</code> or <code>$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/config</code> and managed with <code>--global</code></li>
<li><strong>local</strong>: defined in <code>.git/config</code> and managed with <code>--local</code></li>
</ol>
<p>The applied config in each repository is the combination of all three scopes in order.</p>
<p><code>git config [--&lt;scope&gt;] &lt;key&gt; &lt;value&gt;</code>: set git config key-value pair<br />
<code>git config [--&lt;scope&gt;] --unset &lt;key&gt;</code>: unset git config key-value pair<br />
<code>git config [--&lt;scope&gt;] --list</code>: list git config key-value pairs </p>
<h3 id="tracking-files-making-changes">Tracking Files &amp; Making Changes</h3>
<p><code>git status</code>: shows the status of changes as untracked, modified, or staged </p>
<p><code>git add &lt;files&gt;</code>: add files contents to the staging area<br />
<code>git add -u|--update &lt;files&gt;</code>: stage changes but ignore untracked files<br />
<code>git add -p|--patch &lt;files&gt;</code>: interactively stage chunks of files </p>
<p><code>git restore .</code>: discard uncommitted changes<br />
<code>git restore &lt;file&gt;</code>: discard uncommitted changes to file<br />
<code>git restore --staged</code>: discard changes made to a file<br />
<code>git restore --staged --worktree</code>: unstage and discard changes made to a file<br />
<code>git restore -p|--patch</code>: interactively unstage chunks of files </p>
<p><code>git commit</code>: save the snapshot to the project history<br />
<code>git commit -m|--message "message"</code>: commit and provide a message<br />
<code>git commit -a|--all</code>: automatically notice any modified (but not new) files and commit<br />
<code>git commit -v|--verbose</code>: show unified diff between the HEAD commit and what would be committed<br />
<code>git commit --amend</code>: modify latest commit with the new changes<br />
<code>git commit --no-verify</code>: commit without executing hooks<br />
<code>git commit --fixup &lt;commit&gt;</code>: mark commit as correction to another<br />
<code>git commit -s|--signoff</code>: Add a <code>Signed-off-by</code> trailer by the committer at the end of the commit log message </p>
<h3 id="managing-stashes">Managing Stashes</h3>
<p><code>git stash [push] [-m|--message]</code>: add all changes to the stash (and provide message)<br />
<code>git stash [push] -k|--keep-index</code>: create a stash but leave files as they are<br />
<code>git stash list</code> list all stashes<br />
<code>git stash show [&lt;stash&gt;]</code>: show changes in the stash<br />
<code>git stash pop</code>: restore last stash<br />
<code>git stash drop [&lt;stash&gt;]</code>: remove a stash from the list<br />
<code>git stash clear</code>: remove all stashes </p>
<h3 id="managing-remotes">Managing Remotes</h3>
<p><code>git remote</code>: list remotes<br />
<code>git remote -v|--verbose</code>: list remotes names and URLs<br />
<code>git remote show &lt;remote&gt;</code>: inspect the remote </p>
<p><code>git remote add &lt;remote&gt; &lt;url | path&gt;</code>: add a remote<br />
<code>git remote remove &lt;remote&gt;</code>: remove the specified remote<br />
<code>git remote rename &lt;old_name&gt; &lt;new_name&gt;</code>: rename a remote<br />
<code>git remote set-url &lt;name&gt; &lt;url&gt;</code>: change the URL for the remote<br />
<code>git remote set-url --add &lt;name&gt; &lt;url&gt;</code>: add another URL for the remote<br />
<code>git remote set-url --add --push &lt;name&gt; &lt;url&gt;</code>: add another push URL for the remote<br />
<code>git remote set-url &lt;name&gt; &lt;url&gt;</code>: change the URL for rhe remote<br />
<code>git branch -u|--set-upstream-to=&lt;remote&gt;/&lt;remote branch&gt;</code>: set up correspondence between local and remote branch </p>
<p><code>git push</code>: send objects to default remote on current branch<br />
<code>git push &lt;remote&gt; &lt;branch&gt;</code>: send objects to remote<br />
<code>git push &lt;remote&gt; &lt;local branch&gt;:&lt;remote branch&gt;</code>: send objects to remote, and update remote reference </p>
<p><code>git push -f|--force</code>: overwrite remote with local version<br />
<code>git push --force-with-lease</code>: overwrite remote with local version if remote has not been modified<br />
<code>git push --force-with-lease --force-if--includes</code>: will verify if updates from the remote that may have been implicitly updated in the background are integrated locally before allowing a forced update </p>
<p><code>git fetch [&lt;remote&gt;]</code>: retrieve objects/references from a remote<br />
<code>git pull</code>: incorporate remote changes by merging, same as <code>git fetch; git merge</code><br />
<code>git pull --rebase</code>: incorporate remote changes by rebasing<br />
<code>git pull --ff</code>: fast-forward (only update branch tip) remote changes, merge if not possible<br />
<code>git pull --ff-only</code>: fast-forward (only update branch tip) remote changes, error if not possible </p>
<p><code>git fetch|pull -p|--prune</code>: remove any remote-tracking references that no longer exist on the remote<br />
<code>git fetch|pull -t|--tags</code>: retrieve all tags from the remote</p>
<p><code>git clone &lt;url&gt; [&lt;folder_name&gt;]</code>: download repository and repo history from remote<br />
<code>git clone --shallow</code>: clone only repo files, not history of commits<br />
<code>git clone --depth &lt;depth&gt;</code>: clone only last <code>&lt;depth&gt;</code> commits </p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>Note</strong>: for a in depth explanation of <code>--force-if-includes</code> see <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/a/65839129" title="git --force-if-includes explanation">this</a></p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="viewing-project-history">Viewing Project History</h3>
<p><code>git log [&lt;rev&gt;]</code>: show history of changes<br />
<code>git log -p|--patch</code>: show history of changes and complete differences<br />
<code>git log --stat --summary</code>: show overview of the change<br />
<code>git log --follow &lt;file&gt;</code>: list version history fo file, including renames<br />
<code>git log --all --graph --decorate</code>: visualizes history as a DAG<br />
<code>git log --oneline</code>: compact log </p>
<p><code>git log -S&lt;string&gt;</code>: Look for diffs that change the number of occurrences of the specified <code>&lt;string&gt;</code><br />
<code>git log -G&lt;regex&gt;</code>: Look for diffs whose patch text contains added/removed lines that match <code>&lt;regex&gt;</code> </p>
<p><code>git log -L &lt;start&gt;,&lt;end&gt;:&lt;file&gt;</code>: Trace the evolution of the line range given by <code>&lt;start&gt;,&lt;end&gt;</code>, within the <code>&lt;file&gt;</code><br />
<code>git log -L /&lt;regex&gt;/:&lt;file&gt;</code>: Trace the evolution of the line range given by the function name regex <code>&lt;regex&gt;</code>, within the <code>&lt;file&gt;</code> </p>
<p><code>git shortlog</code>: list commits by author<br />
<code>git reflog [&lt;rev&gt;]</code>: show record of when the tips of branches and other references were updated in the local repository </p>
<p><code>git show &lt;commit&gt;</code>: show commit metadata and content<br />
<code>git show --stat &lt;commit&gt;</code>: show number of changes in commit </p>
<p><code>git blame &lt;file&gt;</code>: show who last edited which line<br />
<code>git blame -L &lt;start&gt;,&lt;end&gt; -- &lt;file&gt;</code>: Annotate only the line range given by <code>&lt;start&gt;,&lt;end&gt;</code>, within the <code>&lt;file&gt;</code><br />
<code>git blame -L /&lt;regex&gt;/ -- &lt;file&gt;</code>: Annotate only the range given by the function name regex <code>&lt;regex&gt;</code>, within the <code>&lt;file&gt;</code><br />
<code>git blame -w</code>: Ignore whitespace when comparing the parent’s version and the child’s to find where the lines came from<br />
<code>git blame -M</code>: Detect moved or copied lines within a file.<br />
<code>git blame -M -C [-C -C]</code>: Detect moved or copied lines within a file (<code>-M</code>), from all modified files in the same commit (<code>-C</code>), in the commit that created the file (<code>-C -C</code>), in all commits (<code>-C -C -C</code>) </p>
<p><code>git diff &lt;filename&gt;</code>: show difference since the last commit<br />
<code>git diff &lt;commit&gt; &lt;filename&gt;</code>: show differences in a file since a particular snapshot<br />
<code>git diff &lt;reference_1&gt; &lt;reference_2&gt; &lt;filename&gt;</code>: show differences in a file between two snapshots<br />
<code>git diff --staged</code>: show what is about to be committed<br />
<code>git diff &lt;first-branch&gt;...&lt;second-branch&gt;</code>: show content diff between two branches<br />
<code>git diff -w|--ignore-all-space</code>: show diff ignoring whitespace differences<br />
<code>git diff --word-diff</code>: show diff word-by-word instead of line-wise </p>
<p><code>git bisect start</code>: start binary search through commit history, to find the first "bad" commit<br />
<code>git bisect good</code>: mark current commit as "good"<br />
<code>git bisect bad</code>: mark current commit as "bad"<br />
<code>git bisect reset</code>: conclude search and restore HEAD </p>
<h3 id="managing-tags">Managing Tags</h3>
<p>Git supports two types of tags: <em>lightweight</em> and <em>annotated</em>. </p>
<p>A lightweight tag is very much like a branch that doesn't change: it's just a pointer to a specific commit. </p>
<p>Annotated tags, however, are stored as full objects in the Git database.<br />
They're checksummed; contain the tagger name, email, and date; have a tagging message; and can be signed.<br />
It's generally recommended creating annotated tags so it's possible to have all this information. </p>
<p><code>git tag</code>: list existing tags<br />
<code>git tag -l|--list &lt;pattern&gt;</code>: list existing tags matching a wildcard or pattern </p>
<p><code>git tag &lt;tag&gt; [&lt;commit_hash&gt;]</code>: create a <em>lightweight</em> tag on the commit<br />
<code>git tag -a|--annotate &lt;tag&gt; [&lt;commit_hash&gt; -m &lt;message&gt;]</code>: create am <em>annotated</em> tag on the commit<br />
<code>git tag -f|--force &lt;tag&gt; [&lt;commit_hash&gt;]</code>: update a tag if it exists<br />
<code>git tag -s|--sign &lt;tag&gt; [&lt;commit_hash&gt;]</code>: sign a tag </p>
<p><code>git push &lt;remote&gt; &lt;tagname&gt;</code>: push a tag to the remote<br />
<code>git push &lt;remote&gt; --tags</code>: push commits and their tags (both types) to the remote </p>
<p><code>git tag -d|--delete &lt;tagname&gt;</code>: delete a tag<br />
<code>git push &lt;remote&gt; :refs/tags&lt;tagname&gt;:</code>: remove a tag from the remote<br />
<code>git push &lt;remote&gt; --delete &lt;tagname&gt;</code>: remove a tag from the remote </p>
<p><code>git switch &lt;tag&gt;</code>: checkout a tag - <strong>WARNING</strong>: will go into <em>detached HEAD</em> </p>
<h3 id="branching-and-merging">Branching And Merging</h3>
<p><img alt="branch" src="../img/git_branches.avif" title="how branches work" /></p>
<p><code>git branch</code>: shows branches<br />
<code>git branch -vv</code>: show branch + last commit + remote status<br />
<code>git branch --merged [--remote]</code>: show branches (remote) that have been merged into current one (needs same history, merge squash/rebase break history)
<code>git branch</code>: show list of all existing branches (* indicates current)<br />
<code>git branch &lt;branch-name&gt;</code>: create new branch<br />
<code>git branch -d|--delete &lt;branch-name&gt;</code>: delete specified branch<br />
<code>git branch -m|--move &lt;old_name&gt; &lt;new_name&gt;</code>: rename a branch without affecting the branch's history<br />
<code>git switch -c|--create &lt;branch-name&gt;</code>: create a new branch and switch to it<br />
<code>git switch --orphan &lt;branch-name&gt;</code>: create an new un-rooted branch from scratch<br />
<code>git switch &lt;branch-name&gt;</code>: change current branch (update HEAD) and update working directory </p>
<p><code>git merge &lt;branch-name&gt;</code>: merges into current branch<br />
<code>git merge --continue</code>: continue previous merge after solving a merge conflict<br />
<code>git rebase &lt;branch&gt;</code>: rebase current branch commits onto another branch<br />
<code>git rebase --onto &lt;new-base&gt; &lt;old-base&gt;</code>: rebase a slice of commits from <code>&lt;old-base&gt;</code> onto <code>&lt;new-base&gt;</code><br />
<code>git rebase --onto &lt;new-base&gt; --root &lt;old-base&gt;</code>: rebase a slice of commits from <code>&lt;old-base&gt;</code> onto <code>&lt;new-base&gt;</code>, including the root commit </p>
<p><code>git cherry-pick &lt;commit&gt;</code>: bring in a commit from another branch<br />
<code>git cherry-pick &lt;commit&gt;..&lt;commit&gt;</code>: bring in a range of commits from another branch (first excluded)<br />
<code>git cherry-pick &lt;commit&gt;^..&lt;commit&gt;</code>: bring in a range of commits from another branch (first included) </p>
<h3 id="worktrees">Worktrees</h3>
<p>A git repository can support multiple working trees, allowing to check out more than one branch at a time.</p>
<p>Additional worktrees are called "linked worktrees" as opposed to the "main worktree" prepared by <code>git init</code> or <code>git clone</code>.<br />
A repository has one main worktree (if it’s not a bare repository) and zero or more linked worktrees.</p>
<p><code>git worktree list</code>: show worktrees<br />
<code>git worktree add &lt;path&gt; &lt;commit&gt;</code>: create worktree at <code>&lt;path&gt;</code> and checkout <code>&lt;commit&gt;</code><br />
<code>git worktree add -b &lt;branch&gt; &lt;path&gt; &lt;commit&gt;</code>: create worktree and branch at <code>&lt;path&gt;</code><br />
<code>git worktree remove &lt;worktree&gt;</code>: remove a worktree </p>
<h3 id="rewriting-history">Rewriting History</h3>
<p><code>git commit --amend</code>: replace last commit by creating a new one (can add files or rewrite commit message)<br />
<code>git commit --amend -m "amended message"</code>: replace last commit by creating a new one (can add files or rewrite commit message)<br />
<code>git commit --amend --no-edit</code>: replace last commit by creating a new one (can add files or rewrite commit message) </p>
<p><code>git reset &lt;commit&gt;</code>: revert to specific commit but keep changes<br />
<code>git reset --soft &lt;commit&gt;</code>: revert to specific commit but keep changes and staged files<br />
<code>git reset --hard &lt;commit&gt;</code>: revert to specific commit and discard changes<br />
<code>git reset &lt;commit&gt; &lt;file&gt;</code>: revert <code>&lt;file&gt;</code> to specific commit </p>
<p><code>git clean</code>: remove untracked files form the working tree<br />
<code>git clean -d</code>: remove untracked files recursively<br />
<code>git clean --interactive</code>: remove untracked files interactively </p>
<p><code>git restore --source &lt;commit&gt; &lt;file&gt;</code>: revert file to commit version<br />
<code>git restore &lt;deleted-file&gt;</code>: recover deleted file if previously committed </p>
<p><code>git rebase -i|--interactive</code>: modify (reword, edit, drop, squash, merge, ...) current branch commits<br />
<code>git rebase -i|--interactive HEAD~&lt;n&gt;</code>: modify (reword, edit, drop, squash, merge, ...) <em>n</em> commits<br />
<code>git rebase -i|--interactive &lt;commit&gt;</code>: modify (reword, edit, drop, squash, merge, ...) <em>from</em> commit to latest<br />
<code>git rebase --autostash</code>: automatically create a temporary stash entry before rebasing<br />
<code>git rebase --autosquash</code>: automatically apply "squash!" or "fixup!" or "amend!" commits </p>
<h2 id="git-revisions"><a href="https://git-scm.com/docs/gitrevisions">Git Revisions</a></h2>
<h3 id="specifying-revisions">Specifying Revisions</h3>
<p>A revision parameter <code>&lt;rev&gt;</code> can take one of these forms:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>&lt;sha&gt;</code>: full or short sha of the object.</li>
<li><code>&lt;refname&gt;</code>: a named object reference. One of:<ul>
<li><code>refs/&lt;refname&gt;</code></li>
<li><code>refs/tags/&lt;refname&gt;</code></li>
<li><code>refs/heads/&lt;refname&gt;</code></li>
<li><code>refs/remotes/&lt;refname&gt;</code></li>
<li><code>refs/remotes/&lt;refname&gt;</code></li>
<li><code>HEAD</code> or <code>*_HEAD</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><code>[&lt;refname&gt;]@{&lt;date&gt;}</code>: a revision at a specific point in time.</li>
<li><code>[&lt;refname&gt;]@{n}</code>: <code>n</code>th prior value of a <code>&lt;refname&gt;</code>.</li>
<li><code>@{-n}</code>: <code>&lt;n&gt;</code>th branch/commit checked out before the current one.</li>
<li><code>&lt;rev&gt;^</code>: first parent of <code>&lt;rev&gt;</code>.</li>
<li><code>&lt;rev&gt;~[&lt;n&gt;]</code>: <code>n</code>th parent of <code>&lt;rev&gt;</code></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="specifying-ranges">Specifying Ranges</h3>
<p>A revision range can take one of these forms:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>&lt;rev&gt;</code>: Include commits that are reachable from <code>&lt;rev&gt;</code> (<code>&lt;rev&gt;</code> and its ancestors).</li>
<li><code>^&lt;rev&gt;</code>: Exclude commits that are reachable from <code>&lt;rev&gt;</code> (<code>&lt;rev&gt;</code> and its ancestors).</li>
<li><code>&lt;rev1&gt;..&lt;rev2&gt;</code>: Include commits that are reachable from <code>&lt;rev2&gt;</code> but exclude those that are reachable from <code>&lt;rev1&gt;</code>.</li>
<li><code>&lt;rev1&gt;...&lt;rev2&gt;</code>: Include commits that are reachable from either <rev1> or <rev2> but exclude those that are reachable from both.
<code>&lt;rev&gt;^@</code>: A suffix <code>^</code> followed by <code>@</code> is the same as listing all parents of <code>&lt;rev&gt;</code> (meaning, include anything reachable from its parents, but not the commit itself).
<code>&lt;rev&gt;^!</code>: A suffix <code>^</code> followed by <code>!</code> is the same as giving commit <code>&lt;rev&gt;</code> and all its parents prefixed with <code>^</code> to exclude them (and their ancestors).
<code>&lt;rev&gt;^-&lt;n&gt;</code>: Equivalent to <code>&lt;rev&gt;^&lt;n&gt;..&lt;rev&gt;</code>, with <code>&lt;n&gt; = 1</code> if not given.</li>
</ul>
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