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DDL
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Table Creation
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Conditional Selection
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New table from data
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Join
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Multiple Join
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<h1 id="sql">SQL</h1>
<h2 id="ddl">DDL</h2>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4">4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5">5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6">6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7">7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-8">8</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="k">show</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">databases</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- mostra database</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="k">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">DATABASE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">database</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- database creation</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="n">use</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">database_name</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- usa un database particolare</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="n">exit</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- exit mysql</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="k">show</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">tables</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- mostra tabelle del database</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8"></a><span class="c1">-- INLINE COMMENT</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9"></a><span class="cm">/* MULTI-LINE COMMENT */</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="table-creation">Table Creation</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-1-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="k">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">TABLE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">table_name</span><span class="o">></span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">field_name</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">field_type</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">option</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">,</span>
<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...);</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="primary-key-from-multiple-fields">PRIMARY KEY from multiple fields</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-2-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="k">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">TABLE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">table_name</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">(</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...,</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">PRIMARY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">KEY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">field1</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...),</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="p">);</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="table-field-options">Table Field Options</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-4">4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-3-5">5</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="k">PRIMARY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">KEY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- marks primary key as field option</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="k">NOT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">NULL</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- marks a necessary field</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="k">REFERENCES</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- adds foreign key reference</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="k">UNIQUE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- set field as unique (MySQL)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5"></a><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">UNIQUE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- T-SQL</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="table-modification">Table Modification</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-1"> 1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-2"> 2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-3"> 3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-4"> 4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-5"> 5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-6"> 6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-7"> 7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-8"> 8</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-9"> 9</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-10">10</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-11">11</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-12">12</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-4-13">13</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="k">ALTER</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">TABLE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">></span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">ADD</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">PRIMARY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">KEY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- definition of PK after table creation</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">ADD</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">field_name</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">field_type</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">option</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- addition of a new field, field will have no value in the table</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-4-5" name="__codelineno-4-5"></a><span class="k">ALTER</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">TABLE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">></span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-6" name="__codelineno-4-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">CHANGE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">field_name</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">new_name</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">new_type</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-7" name="__codelineno-4-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">ALTER</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">COLUMN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">field_name</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">new_name</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">new_type</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- T-SQL</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-8" name="__codelineno-4-8"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-4-9" name="__codelineno-4-9"></a><span class="k">ALTER</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">TABLE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">></span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-10" name="__codelineno-4-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">DROP</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-11" name="__codelineno-4-11"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-4-12" name="__codelineno-4-12"></a><span class="k">ALTER</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">TABLE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">></span>
<a id="__codelineno-4-13" name="__codelineno-4-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">ADD</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FOREIGN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">KEY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">REFERENCES</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">TABLE</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">FIELD</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">);</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h2 id="dml">DML</h2>
<h3 id="data-insertion">Data Insertion</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-5-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="k">INSERT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">INTO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">field_1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">VALUES</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value_1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value_1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="k">INSERT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">INTO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">VALUES</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value_1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value_1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- field order MUST respect tables's columns order</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="data-update">Data Update</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-6-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="k">UPDATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">SET</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">;</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="data-elimination">Data Elimination</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-7-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="k">DELETE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="o">></span>
<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2"></a><span class="k">DELETE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- empty the table</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h2 id="data-selection">Data Selection</h2>
<p><code>*</code>: denotes all table fields</p>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-8-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- show table contents</span>
<a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2"></a><span class="k">SHOW</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">columns</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- show table columns</span>
<a id="__codelineno-8-3" name="__codelineno-8-3"></a><span class="k">DESCRIBE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- shows table</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="alias">Alias</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-9-1">1</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">as</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">alias</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- shows <field/funzione> with name <alias></span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="conditional-selection">Conditional Selection</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-10-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- shows elements that satisfy the condition</span>
<a id="__codelineno-10-2" name="__codelineno-10-2"></a><span class="k">AND</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">OR</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">NOT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- logic connectors</span>
<a id="__codelineno-10-3" name="__codelineno-10-3"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-10-4" name="__codelineno-10-4"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">Between</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">value_1</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AND</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">value_2</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">;</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="ordering">Ordering</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-11-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-11-1" name="__codelineno-11-1"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">ORDER</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">BY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- shows the table ordered by <field></span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-2" name="__codelineno-11-2"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">ORDER</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">BY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">DESC</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- shows the table ordered by <field>, decreasing order</span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-3" name="__codelineno-11-3"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">ORDER</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">BY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">LIMIT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- shows the table ordered by <field>, shows n items</span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-4" name="__codelineno-11-4"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TOP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">ORDER</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">BY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- T-SQL</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h2 id="grouping">Grouping</h2>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-12-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">GROUP</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">BY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-2" name="__codelineno-12-2"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">GROUP</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">BY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">HAVING</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-12-3" name="__codelineno-12-3"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">DISTINCT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- shows elements without repetitions</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="ricerca-caratteri-in-valori">Ricerca caratteri in valori</h3>
<p><code>%</code>: any number of characters</p>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-13-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-13-1" name="__codelineno-13-1"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">LIKE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'<char>%'</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- selects items in <field> that start with <char></span>
<a id="__codelineno-13-2" name="__codelineno-13-2"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">LIKE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'%<char>'</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- selects items in <field> that end with <char></span>
<a id="__codelineno-13-3" name="__codelineno-13-3"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">LIKE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'%<char>%'</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- selects items in <field> that contain <char></span>
<a id="__codelineno-13-4" name="__codelineno-13-4"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">NOT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">LIKE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'%<char>%'</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- selects items in <field> that do not contain <char></span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="selection-from-multiple-tables">Selection from multiple tables</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-14-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-14-1" name="__codelineno-14-1"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-2" name="__codelineno-14-2"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...;</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h2 id="functions">Functions</h2>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-4">4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-5">5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-15-6">6</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-15-1" name="__codelineno-15-1"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">COUNT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- count of items in <field></span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-2" name="__codelineno-15-2"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">MIN</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- min value</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-3" name="__codelineno-15-3"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">MAX</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- max value</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-4" name="__codelineno-15-4"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AVG</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- mean of values</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-5" name="__codelineno-15-5"></a><span class="k">ALL</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-6" name="__codelineno-15-6"></a><span class="k">ANY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...)</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h2 id="nested-queries">Nested Queries</h2>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-16-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-16-1" name="__codelineno-16-1"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">EXISTS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- selected field existing in subquery</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-2" name="__codelineno-16-2"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">NOT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">EXISTS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- selected field not existing in subquery</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h2 id="new-table-from-data">New table from data</h2>
<p>Create new table with necessary fields:</p>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-17-4">4</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-17-1" name="__codelineno-17-1"></a><span class="k">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">TABLE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span>
<a id="__codelineno-17-2" name="__codelineno-17-2"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">field_name</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">field_type</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">option</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">,</span>
<a id="__codelineno-17-3" name="__codelineno-17-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...);</span>
<a id="__codelineno-17-4" name="__codelineno-17-4"></a><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<p>Fill fields with data from table:</p>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-18-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-18-1" name="__codelineno-18-1"></a><span class="k">INSERT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">INTO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">></span>
<a id="__codelineno-18-2" name="__codelineno-18-2"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">fields</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">TABLE</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">;</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h2 id="join">Join</h2>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-19-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-19-1" name="__codelineno-19-1"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">table1</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">JOIN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">table2</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">table1</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">.</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">table2</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">.</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-19-2" name="__codelineno-19-2"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">table1</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">LEFT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">JOIN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">table2</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-19-3" name="__codelineno-19-3"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">table1</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">RIGHT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">JOIN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">table2</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="o">></span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<p><a href="https://www.diffen.com/difference/Inner_Join_vs_Outer_Join">Inner Join, Left Join, Right Join, Full Outer Join</a></p>
<h2 id="multiple-join">Multiple Join</h2>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-20-3">3</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-20-1" name="__codelineno-20-1"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">table1</span><span class="o">></span>
<a id="__codelineno-20-2" name="__codelineno-20-2"></a><span class="k">JOIN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">table2</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">table1</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">.</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">table2</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">.</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">></span>
<a id="__codelineno-20-3" name="__codelineno-20-3"></a><span class="k">JOIN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">table3</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">table2</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">.</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">table3</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">.</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">field</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">;</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<p><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/176514/what-is-the-difference-between-char-nchar-varchar-and-nvarchar-in-sql-server">char, nchar, varchar, nvarchar</a></p>
<hr />
<h2 id="t-sql-mssql-server">T-SQL (MSSQL Server)</h2>
<h3 id="t-sql-insert-from-table">T-SQL Insert From table</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-4">4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-5">5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-6">6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-7">7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-8">8</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-21-9">9</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-21-1" name="__codelineno-21-1"></a><span class="n">USE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">db_name</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">]</span>
<a id="__codelineno-21-2" name="__codelineno-21-2"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-21-3" name="__codelineno-21-3"></a><span class="k">SET</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IDENTITY_INSERT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">destination_table</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">ON</span>
<a id="__codelineno-21-4" name="__codelineno-21-4"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-21-5" name="__codelineno-21-5"></a><span class="k">INSERT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">INTO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">field_1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-21-6" name="__codelineno-21-6"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-21-7" name="__codelineno-21-7"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">field_1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">source_table</span><span class="o">></span>
<a id="__codelineno-21-8" name="__codelineno-21-8"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-21-9" name="__codelineno-21-9"></a><span class="k">SET</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IDENTITY_INSERT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">destination_table</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">OFF</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="t-sql-parametric-query">T-SQL Parametric Query</h3>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-1"> 1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-2"> 2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-3"> 3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-4"> 4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-5"> 5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-6"> 6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-7"> 7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-8"> 8</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-9"> 9</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-10">10</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-11">11</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-12">12</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-13">13</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-22-14">14</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-22-1" name="__codelineno-22-1"></a><span class="c1">-- variable declaration</span>
<a id="__codelineno-22-2" name="__codelineno-22-2"></a><span class="k">DECLARE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">@</span><span class="n">var_name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">type</span><span class="o">></span>
<a id="__codelineno-22-3" name="__codelineno-22-3"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-22-4" name="__codelineno-22-4"></a><span class="c1">-- init variable (input parameter)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-22-5" name="__codelineno-22-5"></a><span class="k">SET</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">@</span><span class="n">var_name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="o">></span>
<a id="__codelineno-22-6" name="__codelineno-22-6"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-22-7" name="__codelineno-22-7"></a><span class="c1">-- use in query (memorize data)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-22-8" name="__codelineno-22-8"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">@</span><span class="n">var_name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">COUNT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- query won't show results in the "table view" since param is used in SELECT</span>
<a id="__codelineno-22-9" name="__codelineno-22-9"></a><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span>
<a id="__codelineno-22-10" name="__codelineno-22-10"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-22-11" name="__codelineno-22-11"></a><span class="c1">-- display message (query won't show results in the "table view")</span>
<a id="__codelineno-22-12" name="__codelineno-22-12"></a><span class="n">PRINT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'Text: '</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">@</span><span class="n">var_name</span>
<a id="__codelineno-22-13" name="__codelineno-22-13"></a><span class="n">PRINT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'Text: '</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">CONVERT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">type</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">@</span><span class="n">var_name</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- convert data before printing</span>
<a id="__codelineno-22-14" name="__codelineno-22-14"></a><span class="k">GO</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="t-sql-view">T-SQL View</h3>
<p>A view represents a virtual table. Join multiple tables in a view and use the view to present the data as if the data were coming from a single table.</p>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-23-2">2</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-23-1" name="__codelineno-23-1"></a><span class="k">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">VIEW</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span>
<a id="__codelineno-23-2" name="__codelineno-23-2"></a><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">table</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<h3 id="t-sql-stored-procedure">T-SQL Stored Procedure</h3>
<p><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/relational-databases/stored-procedures/create-a-stored-procedure" title="Create a Stored Procedure - Microsoft Docs">Stored Procedure How-To</a>
<a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/statements/create-procedure-transact-sql">T-SQL Stored Procedure</a></p>
<p>Stored Procedure Definition:</p>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-1"> 1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-2"> 2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-3"> 3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-4"> 4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-5"> 5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-6"> 6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-7"> 7</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-8"> 8</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-9"> 9</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-10">10</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-11">11</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-12">12</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-24-13">13</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-24-1" name="__codelineno-24-1"></a><span class="k">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">PROCEDURE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Procedure_Name</span><span class="o">></span>
<a id="__codelineno-24-2" name="__codelineno-24-2"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- Add the parameters for the stored procedure here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-24-3" name="__codelineno-24-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><@</span><span class="n">Param1</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Datatype_For_Param1</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Default_Value_For_Param1</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">,</span>
<a id="__codelineno-24-4" name="__codelineno-24-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><@</span><span class="n">Param2</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Datatype_For_Param2</span><span class="o">></span>
<a id="__codelineno-24-5" name="__codelineno-24-5"></a><span class="k">AS</span>
<a id="__codelineno-24-6" name="__codelineno-24-6"></a><span class="k">BEGIN</span>
<a id="__codelineno-24-7" name="__codelineno-24-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- SET NOCOUNT ON added to prevent extra result sets from interfering with SELECT statements.</span>
<a id="__codelineno-24-8" name="__codelineno-24-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">SET</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">NOCOUNT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">ON</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- don't return number of selected rows</span>
<a id="__codelineno-24-9" name="__codelineno-24-9"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-24-10" name="__codelineno-24-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">-- Insert statements for procedure here</span>
<a id="__codelineno-24-11" name="__codelineno-24-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span>
<a id="__codelineno-24-12" name="__codelineno-24-12"></a><span class="k">END</span>
<a id="__codelineno-24-13" name="__codelineno-24-13"></a><span class="k">GO</span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<p>Stored Procedure call in query:</p>
<div class="highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><th colspan="2" class="filename"><span class="filename">SQL</span></th></tr><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-4">4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-5">5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-6">6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-25-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-25-1" name="__codelineno-25-1"></a><span class="n">USE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">database</span><span class="o">></span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-2" name="__codelineno-25-2"></a><span class="k">GO</span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-3" name="__codelineno-25-3"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-25-4" name="__codelineno-25-4"></a><span class="c1">-- Stored Procedure call</span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-5" name="__codelineno-25-5"></a><span class="k">EXECUTE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Procedure_Name</span><span class="o">></span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-6" name="__codelineno-25-6"></a><span class="c1">-- or</span>
<a id="__codelineno-25-7" name="__codelineno-25-7"></a><span class="k">EXEC</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Procedure_Name</span><span class="o">></span>
</code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
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